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An Atlantic Industrial Revolution. Lesson Themes & Goals. Goals: Critical analysis of Industrial Revolution Different theories of American social and economic development Jefferson vs. Hamilton Experience of women at Lowell mills Connections between industrial and slave labor systems - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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An Atlantic Industrial Revolution
Lesson Themes & Goals• Goals:
– Critical analysis of Industrial Revolution• Different theories of American social and economic
development• Jefferson vs. Hamilton• Experience of women at Lowell mills
– Connections between industrial and slave labor systems– Connections to World History, Atlantic World– Connections to U.S. and North Carolina
Founders’ Ideas on Early American Society & Economy
Jefferson• Agricultural society is best• Farmers more pure and moral• “Labourers in the earth are chosen
people of god”• Keep manufacturing in Europe• Industrial workers are dependent,
bad manners• Strong republic based on
independent farmers• Anti-urban philosophy• Anti-Federalist• republican• Democratic-Republican
Hamilton• Pro-manufacturing• Federalist• Supports strong federal
govt.– Defense– Pro-national bank
• Commercial republican– Commerce, port cities– Roads– manufacturing
Part I: Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1760-1850
• What shape did industrial development take in Britain?
• What advantages did Britain have that made it the center of I.R.?– Water, coal for power– Artisans to build machines– Available labor – why?– Raw materials – from where?– Markets for sales – where?
What was new about the Factory?:
Working outside of homeTraveling to workWorking with strangersDifferent way of lifeDifferent gender rolesRules of dress, timeAttitude of coldnessWork hoursEnclosed spaceAccidentsTime was controlled, monitoredChild laborBad conditions, healthMass production
What was new about the Factory?:
Machines, Technology, Water Power Work Bell, Work Time –Regimentation, outside controlof workers’ time
Factory Images
More than one part of manufacturing process in the same building or place
Supervision; Supervisors
Factory Images
Child labor
Women workers
Making the FactoryDefinition: “The term factory, in technology, designates the combined operation of many orders of workpeople, adult and young, in tending with assiduous skill a system of productive machines continuously impelled by a central power.”
Andrew Ure, Philosophy of Manufactures (1835), 13
factory
machinery power
materials
workers finance
markettransport transport
• Power machinery, introduced process-by-process over about 100 years
• Capital costs• Location• Structure• Continuous operation • (with people around)• Need for new skills, esp. machine
builders and repairmen
What was new about the Factory?:
Factory Discipline• Emphasis on Profit • Higher profits = discipline
– long workday of continuous labor by all hands
– regular attendance– punctuality and sobriety– attentiveness to task– continual industry by schedule (eat, relieve self, work when you
don't feel well)– no rowdiness, distracting conversation, wandering away from
machine– no rebellion against authority or conditions
Focus on Time: The Mill Clock
Victorian clock from Pyemore Mill, near Bridport, DorsetJ.M. Richards, The Functional Tradition in Early Industrial Buildings, 109
Clocks becamemuch more common afterIndustrial Revolution
Clock at anindustrial
mill
What Came before Industrial Revolution?:
Previous Forms of Production• Medieval Guilds: secret knowledge of arts
and crafts• Household production: production of cloth
and textiles, shoes, and other goods within household
• System of master, apprentice, family labor• Had control over pace of work, seasonal,
took on as much work as necessary at a time
From Household to FactoryHousehold production:
Why do people like towork from home in today’s society?
Spinning wheel; making yarn at home
Hand loom; making cloth at home
The U.S. Experience• Textiles first• New England, NY, PA• Merchant capital• Stole British technology• Women from farm
families – “mill girls”• Cotton from southern
slave plantations• Made cheap clothing
for middle, working classes, and slaves
Textiles in North Carolina• Many companies moved
from north for cheaper labor
• Closer to cotton grown by slaves, then farmers & sharecroppers
• Textile labor: typically white women, children, and families
• Racially segregated• Agreement between white
owners and white workers to exclude black workers from factory work and relatively better pay
Atherton Cotton Mills, Charlotte
Atherton Workers
Problems of Industrial Society• Based on readings:
– Hopes and promises dashed– Wage complaints– Comparisons to slavery– Living conditions– Women’s place in society, how they are viewed– Issues of freedom and control – Working hours and conditions– Women resisted: journals, paper, letters
Opposition to Factory System• British Luddites
British Opposition to Factory System
• Popular fight for social change and political representation– Correspondence Committees– Parliamentary Reforms– Anti-monarchical ideas– Whig, then Labor Party in Britain– Labor Movement– Fabians– Revolutionaries
Summary of British Industrial Rev.• A new type of manufacturing based on control
and supervision of workforce within new factory worksite.
• Higher profit margins based on control of work pace, wages per hour, and separation of workers from other alternatives of support
• Use of new machine technologies, organization, finances (capital)
• Different forms of opposition to industrial work by early generations of workers
Part 2: Atlantic Industrial Connections
Can a slave be considered an industrial worker?
Why? or Why not?
Slavery and industrial society overlapped.
How were they connected?
What effects did slave systems have on American industrial society and working
class?
Close-up of Painting
Comments?:
Possible Student SelectionStudent Comments:
factory
machinery power
materials
workers finance
markettransport transport
Which of these aspects of industrial production have connections to the wider Atlantic world?
Slave trade transported slaves throughout Atlantic World – majority of slaves outside U.S.
Connections
• How was the Atlantic plantation system connected to I.R. in Europe and U.S.?
• Was the sugar plantation “industrial”?• Were slaves “workers”?• Was the trade in slaves “industrial” in
nature?• What, besides technology and wages,
defined the Industrial Revolution?
African Slave Factory: Industrial?
Slave Ship: Industrial?
Cuban Sugar Mill: Industrial?
Sugar Plantation
Industrial?
Sugar Mill
Industrial?
The Ship: Industrial?• A factory
at sea• Discipline• Control• Hierarchy• Economic
profit• Engaged
in Atlantic trade
Consumption, Production, Finance
• Relationship between new forms of industry and new forms of consumption
• New forms of popular consumption fueled and reinforced the development of industrial production – slave and free
• New forms of banking, finance, insurance to fund and secure Atlantic trade
• Examples: sugar plantations, rum, coffee, tea, tobacco, cotton
The Coffee House:meeting place, banking, dealing, consumption
New Forms of Consumption
• Cheap sugar, textiles, guns, rum• Not just for royalty anymore• Growing middle-class conspicuous consumption• But also working-class consumption• Coffee houses – places to talk politics• Sugar – cheap calories for factory workers• Cheap goods for Atlantic Trade• New consumption patterns tightened
relationships, both positive and negative
Pirates
• What do pirates represent?
Blackbeard the Pirate
Link to National Geographic article onBlackbeard’s ship, recent archaeologicalwork on the underwater wreck
Blackbeard and North Carolina
• Blackbeard hijacked French slave ship La Concorde off Caribbean island of Martinique; set slaves free
• Ship had been used for at least 3 slaving voyages, around 500 slaves each– 61 died on Middle Passage on last voyage– 16 crew members also died
• Blackbeard plundered ships in triangle and Atlantic/Caribbean trade
Atlantic Resistance to Power?
• Pirates represent rare form of interracial lower-class solidarity who fought Atlantic industrial system
• Problem of racism - usually divided white working-class from slaves and free blacks in Atlantic world
• White workers defined as not slaves• Whites gained prestige, small level of
comfort & consumption, wages for not being slaves
Popular Resistance
• There were a variety of popular responses by people around the Atlantic in times of economic change– During feudalism– Reused during transition to industrial
economy– Used to attack or undermine authority of
masters (of different kinds – slave masters, industrial owners, middle class)
Mumming and MasqueradeMumming was tradition of masquerade in feudal and modern Europe
Usually around harvest or Xmastime
A night when it was ok to challenge lord’s ormaster’s authority
Lord or masterexpected to sharewealth or abun-dance, “the treat”
Luddites in EnglandLuddites reused traditionof popular local protest and masquerade to protest newindustrial system
Luddites smashed newindustrial factories and machines to protest control and power of new industrial system
Often worked at night, inmasks, costumes, under cover of darkness
Signed protest letters as “Ned Ludd”
Modern Mumming in Philly
Modern Mummers Day Parade in Philadelphia every New Year’s Day
History of Public Resistance and Performance
• Context of owner surveillance and control – attempts to limit gatherings in groups, fear of slave revolt
• Slaves, free blacks, post-slavery black Americans celebrated Emancipation Day as reminder of continued fight for racial, social, and economic equality
• Claiming public sites or spaces when they did not have any formal power or rights
• Examples– John Canoe or Jonkonnu– Pinkster and Negro Election Day– Public religious, political, musical expression
• Often poked fun at whites through dress and mimicry
Everyday acts of resistance – What are they talking about?
Slavery in Age of Revolution• Revolutionary and Enlightenment beliefs had great
impact on slavery – liberty, freedom, equality, natural rights
• Adam Smith – free labor and markets are best• Lord Dunmoore – slaves would be freed if they fought for
Brits during Am. Revolution• Some upper south owners freed slaves after Am.
Revolution • Northwest Ordinance, 1787 – slavery banned from NW
territory• Gradual Emancipation in northern states in late 18th- and
early 19th centuries
Resistance: Atlantic Abolitionists
• Britain developed strong abolitionist movement• Quakers in 18th and 19th centuries• William Wilberforce and reformers in Parliament –
British slave trade abolished, 1807• Abolition of slavery in colonies, 1830s• Strong working-class support for abolition,
despite fears of textile unemployment• British: if they could abolish slavery, then it was
right thing for U.S. to do• Advocated “free trade” and “free labor” instead of
slave labor• Critics of “free labor” said it wasn’t truly free either
Abolition: Common White Fears
• Abolition raised questions and fears about ex-slaves– Are blacks capable of being free?– Can they live peacefully with whites?– Will they work if not forced to? – assumed they
were naturally lazy– Will they work for wages?– Will they assimilate into society?– Fears of sexual relations with whites – racial
mixture
French and Haitian Revolutions
• Circulation of revolutionary ideals throughout Atlantic
• Impact of French Rev. on slaves in Haiti and other Atlantic slave societies
• Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804: only successful slave revolt
• Haitian Revolt and Republic inspired slaves throughout Atlantic
• Struck fear in whites – worst possible outcome in white minds
Effects of Issues of Slavery and Wage Labor in the Atlantic
World?
Zombies!
• What is a zombie?
Zombies: Atlantic Radicals?• Product of Atlantic economic, social, and cultural
history and connections• Loosely based on West African and Haitian
vodun (voodoo) religious practices, combined with Christian and other influences
• Africa – Caribbean – Britain – U.S. – World • Stories and myths - critical of power, control,
loss of freedom• Began under slavery • Emancipation as evolving issue – new forms of
power and control – wage labor, colonialism, Jim Crow, Cold War,…
Film, White Zombie, 1932
• Meaning?
Fela Kuti, Zombie, 1977• Nigerian Afrobeat
musician• Influenced by U.S.
Black Power movement
• Anti-colonial activist• Activist for Nigerian
democracy, against govt. repression
Michael Jackson’s Thriller
• What is the message of Thriller?
• How does Thriller deal with white fears?
Image of Integration: The American Dream
Image of Integration: Public Culture
Image of Religious Mystery:Black Christianity and Folk Traditions
Image of Black Urban Culture: Street Performance
Summarize Major Issues that Defined Atlantic Industrial World
• Production for profit• Control and discipline of work• Control of time• Control of space• Movement and trade of primary resources
in exchange for finished industrial goods• Growth of middle classes in ports and
industrial centers• Growth of working-class/slave populations
Connections– New forms of power, control, and profit in the Atlantic
World– Connections between slavery and industrial capitalism– Popular forms of resistance to power and economic
exploitation– Wage labor developed within context of Atlantic Economy
and African enslavement – wage workers compared to slaves
– Possibilities of cross-racial resistance– Problems of white fears: of loss of control and power
(slavery)– Emancipation movements and continuing importance of
issues of race, power, freedom in Atlantic and world history
Continuing Questions: Ideological & Political Effects of Industrialization• Growth of working-class movement at same
time as abolitionist movement• Free labor ideas – for whites or for
everyone?• Are industrial workers free?• Would political rights solve economic and
social problems?• Do colonial subjects and slaves have rights?
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