America becomes a world power: Imperialism

America becomes a world power: Imperialism

Chapter 18America Claims an

EmpireSec 1:

Imperialism

And

America

The policy of one nation extending it's authority over another through

territorial acquisition and control over the

government and economy in the conquered nation.

DEFINITION OF IMPERIALISM

REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM

•Desire for military strength

•Gain new markets

•Belief in cultural superiority

Desire for military strength

• Admiral Alfred T. Mahan

• Stated that great nations were always seafaring nations w/ powerful navies

• Urged a build up of American naval power to compete w/ other nations.

• Between 1883 – 1890 built 9 steel-hulled battleships; Maine most famous

• Became world’s 3rd largest naval power

THAYER MAHAN

COALING STATION

COAL BURNING BATTLESHIP

The Great White Fleet

The United States became an imperialist power to gain more

wealth

Year Imports Exports

1870 $300 Million $350 Million

1875 $900 Million $800 Million

1880 $1.22 Billion $1.0 Billion

1889 $900 Million $800 Million

1892 $1.2 Billion $1.42 Billion

1899 1.3 Billion 1.35 Billion

1903 1.7 Billion 1.8 Billion

1914 1.6 Billion 2.8 Billion

THE UNITED STATES NEEDED NEW MARKETS TO EXPORT THE

SURPLUS PRODUCTS OF ITS

FARMS AND FACTORIES

Based on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and the survival of the fittest but applied to

society and politics. The wealthy are the strong and therefore have the right to rule the poor who are weak. The United States, as a strong

nation, must dominate weaker nations.

SOCIAL DARWINISM

Philosopher Herbert Spencer who

developed the theory of Social Darwinism

Missionary zeal, the desire to convert “heathen, non-believers” led to

people moving to “uncivilized” areas in hopes of helping natives

•Alaska

•Hawaii

Alaska

• Sec. of State William Seward

• Had trouble convincing the House of Representatives

• 1867 bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

• 1959 became our 49th state

Hawaii• By 1867 Hawaii had become economically

important to the U.S.

• For over a century American merchants stopped there on the way to China and East India.

• By the mid 19th century, American owned sugar plantations accounted for ¾ of the islands’ wealth

Missionaries from the U.S. went to Hawaii in the late early 19th century

Hawaii• 1875 U.S. agreed to import Hawaiian

sugar duty free.

• The McKinley Tariff of 1890 eliminated the duty free status.

• Hawaiian sugar growers faced competition in American market

• Planters called on the U.S. to annex Hawaii; wouldn’t have to pay the duty

Hawaii• 1887 Hawaiian King Kalakaua was forced

by white business owners to amend the constitution

• Voting rights limited to wealthy landowners

• 1891 he died and his sister, Queen Liliuokalani came to power

• Adopted a “Hawaii for Hawaiians” agenda

Queen Liliuokalani,

LAST QUEEN OF HAWAII

(September 2, 1838 – November 11, 1917)

Hawaii

• Queen Liliuokalani wanted to remove the property qualifications to be able to vote

• Business groups organized a revolution

• With help of U.S. Marines, they overthrew the Queen

SANFORD DOLE

Became president of the Republic

of Hawaii after the queen was overthrown. Hawaii was annexed as part of the

U.S. in 1898.

In 1959, Hawaii became our 50th state

America becomes a world power: Imperialism

•Role of media

•U.S.S. Maine

•War in Cuba

•Philippines

•Differing opinions on imperialism

Ch 18, Sec 2

PROBLEMS BETWEEN CUBA AND THEIR SPANISH RULERS DOMINATE AMERICAN

FOREIGN POLICY AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY

CUBA

Cubans Rebel Against Spain

• 1st war for independence

–1868-1878; not successful but abolished slavery

–American capitalists immediately invested millions on large sugar cane plantations

Cubans Rebel Against Spain

• 2nd war for independence–Launched in 1895–Lead by José Martí – “Cuba Libre”–Organized resistance against Spain–Active guerilla campaign–Destroyed American owned sugar

mills & plantations

José Martí was a poet, writer, journalist, and Cuban national

hero.

He died fighting the Spanish on May 19, 1895

Spain’s Response to Martí

• 1896 General Valeriano Weyler

• Ordered to crush the rebellion

• Herded entire rural population of central & western Cuba in concentration camps

• Estimated 300,000 filled the camps

• Thousands died of hunger & disease

““Yellow Journalism”Yellow Journalism”““Yellow Journalism”Yellow Journalism”

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

YELLOW JOURNALISM

CARTOON WHERE THE TERM “YELLOW

JOURNALISM” CAME FROM

IN 1898 NEWSPAPERS WERE THE MAJOR SOURCE OF INFORMATION FOR THE PUBLIC.

PEOPLE LACKED THE ABILITY TO VERIFY IF THE STORIES WERE BIASED OR INACCURATE AND THEREFORE RELIED UPON NEWSPAPERS TO TELL THE TRUTH.

PULITZER AND HEARST TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE PUBLIC’S IGNORANCE BY TWISTING THE TRUTH TO SELL MORE NEWSPAPERS.

SENSATIONALIZED STORIES WERE FEATURED HEAVILY IN THEIR NEWSPAPERS SINCE EXCITING HEADLINES INCREASED CIRCULATION.

NEWSPAPERS FOCUSED ON SPANISH ATROCITIES UPON THE CUBAN PEOPLE TO IGNITE PASSIONS AGAINST SPAIN

SPANISH GENERAL WEYLER WAS SEEN AS A “BUTCHER” IN THE

U.S. FOR HIS TREATMENT OF THE

CUBAN PEOPLE

The De Lôme Letter

• Written by Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish Minister in Washington, D.C.

• The letter, was sent to a friend in Havana and was stolen from the Post Office

• It was released by Cuban rebels to Hearst's newspaper.

The De Lôme Letter• The letter criticized President William McKinley

"... McKinley is: weak and catering to the rabble…"

• On February 9, 1898, the letter was published in the New York Journal, (Hearst)

• This event fired up an otherwise inactive President McKinley

• Helped foment public sentiment in favor of the Cuban rebels and against the Spanish

• It is seen as one of the principal triggers of the Spanish-American War of 1898.

ALL THAT WAS NEEDED TO START A WAR WAS A SPARK AND THIS CAME ON FEBRUARY 15, 1898, IN

HAVANA HARBOR.

U.S.S. MAINE in Havana Harbor blew up killing 260

men

Yellow journalists were quick to blame the Spanish

“Remember the Maine”

• Rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba

• April 11, 1898 McKinley asked Congress for permission to use force against Spain

• April 20, 1898 U.S. declares war on Spain

US FORCES CONQUER THE PHILIPPINES

U.S. DESTROYS THE SPANISH FLEET AT MANILA BAY

ADMIRAL DEWEY, HERO OF THE NAVAL BATTLE OF MANILA BAY

•On April 30, 1898 The U.S. fleet opened fire on the Spanish fleet.

•Within hours Spanish fleet destroyed.

•American troops land & joined forces with Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo

•August, 1898 Spanish troops surrendered.

War in Cuba• U.S.: Small professional Army

• 125,000 volunteers:– Camps lacked supplies– Lacked effective leaders– Not enough modern guns– Wool uniforms unsuitable for Cuba’s climate– Led by Civil War veterans; talked instead of

trained

War in Cuba• Landed in June 1898 & moved towards

the port city of Santiago

– 17,000 troops

– 4 African-American regiments (regular Army)

– Volunteer cavalry unit – the Rough Riders

– Led by Leonard Wood & Teddy Roosevelt

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.

Battle of San Juan Hill• Most famous battle of the war

• Rough Riders & 2 African-American units made a dramatic charge up Kettle Hill.

• Attack cleared the way for the strategically important San Juan Hill.

• Rough Riders minor role at San Juan Hill

• Newspapers made him hero of San Juan Hill

BATTLE SCENE WITH TEDDY ROOSEVELT ON THE HORSE

THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE “ROUGH RIDERS” IN CUBA

U.S. OCCUPIES TWO MORE SPANISH COLONIAL POSSESSIONS

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

THE U.S. BECOMES AN IMPERIAL THE U.S. BECOMES AN IMPERIAL POWERPOWER

HAWAII: 1898

MIDWAY ISLAND: 1867

WAKE ISLAND: 1898

GUAM: 1898

JOHNSTON ISLAND: 1898

PALMYRA ISLAND: 1898

SAMOA ISLAND: 1899

PHILIPPINES: 1898

PUERTO RICO: 1898 What is happening in this cartoon?

Significance of the Spanish-American War

• Respect from European powers.

• National pride.

• US became a Far Eastern power.

• The beginnings of the might of the US Navy.

• Closing the gap on North-South animosities by helping end the legacy of bitterness since the Civil War.

America becomes a world power: Imperialism

Chapter 18America Claims an

Empire

Sec 3:

Acquiring New Lands

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..

PR became an “unincorporated PR became an “unincorporated territory.”territory.”

Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US.

Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases..

Constitutional rights were not Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial automatically extended to territorial possessions.possessions.

Congress had the power to decide these Congress had the power to decide these rights.rights.

Import duties laid down by the Foraker Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!Act were legal!

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act..

Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR.

Removed tariff duties on PR goods Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.coming into the US.

PR’s elected theirPR’s elected theirown legislators &own legislators &governor to enforcegovernor to enforcelocal laws.local laws.

PR’s could NOT votePR’s could NOT votein US presidentialin US presidentialelections.elections.

U.S. citizenship was granted.U.S. citizenship was granted.

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)

1.1.Recognized Cuba’s Recognized Cuba’s independence from Spain.independence from Spain.

2.2.The U.S. had no intentions The U.S. had no intentions of taking over any part of of taking over any part of Cuba.Cuba.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

• U.S. would not withdraw until Cuba adopted the Platt Amendment.

• Cubans protested; U.S. stood firm.

• Cubans reluctantly ratifies new constitution

• Platt Amendment in effect for 31 years.

• Cuba became a U.S. protectorate; a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

Filipinos Rebel• U.S. replaced Spain

• February 1899, Aguinaldo lead a revolt

• Lasted 3 years; U.S. won

• 20,000 Filipinos died

• 4,000 Americans died

• Philippines became independent on July 4, 1946

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

FOREIGN INTERVENTION IN CHINA TAKES CENTER STAGE AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY

RUSSIA 1896-1898

BRITAIN 1898

GERMANY 1898

BRITAIN 1842

The Open Door NotesThe Open Door NotesThe Open Door NotesThe Open Door Notes

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Peaceful Harmonious The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.Fists.

““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

• Revolt of Chinese against Foreigners.

• Secret societies were formed to rid China of the “foreign devil”.

• The most famous secret group were the Boxers.

• Called “boxers” because most were martial artists and Westerners did not know what to call them.

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

• The Boxers killed 100’s of missionaries and other foreigners.

• Killed Chinese converts to Christianity.

• Aug. 1900 Britain, France, Germany and Japan joined 2,500 American soldiers.

• Marched onto the Chinese capital.

• The international forces put down the rebellion in 2 months.

Protecting American Protecting American RightsRights

• The Open Door Policy held 3 beliefs:The Open Door Policy held 3 beliefs:– Growth of U.S. economy depends on exports– A right to intervene to keep foreign markets

open– Feared that closing an area to American

products, citizens or ideas threatened U.S. survival.

America becomes a world power: Imperialism

Chapter 18America Claims an

Empire

Sec 4:

America As A World Power

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United

States

In officeSept. 14,

1901 – March 4, 1909

TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S FOREIGN POLICY

“Speak softly and carry a big stick.”

TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S FOREIGN POLICY

• West African proverb.

• From Monroe Doctrine of 1823.

• European countries to stay out of the affairs of Latin American countries.

• Added the Roosevelt Corollary:– The U.S. would use force to protect its

economic interests in Latin America.

•The need for a canal

•Panama revolution

•Building the canal

U.S. interests turned toward Central America and a quicker way of moving ships between the east and

west coast of North America

15,000 MILES

SEARCHING FOR POTENTIAL SITES FOR A CANAL IN CENTRAL AMERICA

2 possible sites

PANAMA, A PROVINCE OF COLOMBIA, WAS CHOSEN FOR THE SITE OF THE PROPOSED

CANAL

ADVANTAGE OF AN ISTHMIAN CANAL

8,000 miles

TWO POLITICAL CARTOONS ON COLOMBIA’S REFUSAL TO ACCEPT TR’S PURCHASE OFFER PRICE OF $40

MILLION

IN 2002 $40 MILLION WOULD BE $830 MILLION

ROOSEVELT’S SOLUTION WAS TO SUPPORT A PANAMANIAN REVOLUTION

Panama Revolution• 1903, U.S. aided Panamanian rebels

in winning their independence from Columbia.

• So we can build the canal at a cheaper price.

• In 1921 we paid Columbia $25 million as away of apologizing.

Building the canal• French tried in the late 1800’s• Gave up after 10 yrs due to malaria,

yellow fever, and the difficulty of building the Canal.

• 1903, the U.S. bought France’s claim for $40 million & after “winning” Panama’s independence, construction began in 1904.

WILLIAM C. GORGAS

1905 Yellow Fever Quarantine

Station

1905 fumigation car eradicating

the mosquitoes

In Cuba Dr. Gorgas learned yellow fever was transmitted

through mosquitoes. His discovery allowed the canal

to be built.

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

Construction of the canal

PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT VISITS THE

CANAL CONSTRUCTION

SITE IN 1906

Mira Flores, Panama

1914 Opening of the Panama Canal

Panama canal today

America becomes a world power: Imperialism

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the United States

In officeMarch 4,

1913 – March 4, 1921