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8/11/2019 Am j Clin Nutr 1963 Harris 385 92
1/8
S T U D I E S w ith pou ltry , ra ts , rabb its and
ca ttle4 have sho w n tha t in creased lev els o f
u nsa tu rated fa t lead to in creased req u ire -
m en ts fo r v itam in E . T h is re latio nsh ip has
recen tly been ex tended to m an b y H o rw itt and
6
W h ile a nu m ber o f to x ic m a te ria ls an d
a dve rse e nviron m en tal con dition s a re kno w n
to affec t the requ irem en ts fo r v itam in E ,7
H orw itt8 has conc lu ded th a t the concen tra-
tion of au to -ox id izab le su bstances in the d iet
is the prim ary facto r .
A co nc lusio n th at po lyun sa tu rated fa tty
ac id is th e princ ipa l de term in an t o f v itam in E
nu tr itu re seem s reason ab le to u s in the ligh t
o f p re sen t kn ow led ge ; th e u se of th is co n-
e lu sion a llow s us to co m pare quan tita tive ly
v itam in E resea rch es o n h um an su b jec ts
an d experim en ta l an im als.
7 .19
9 .55
9 .42
15 .62
1. 6
23
10 .2
10 .0
0 . 115
0
.
22 0
0 96 1
1
56 2
Total
23 .31
5 .33
52 .08
5 .33
1 .74
2 .23
90 .02
1 .6
10 .7
1. 7
9. 3
91 .7
48 .9
0.378
0 57 2
0 89 3
0.496
1 59 7
1
09 2
5 .
02 8
Am er ican Jo urn a l o f G lin ica l N u tr ition
38 5
V ol. 1 3 D ec em b er 1 96 3
P ersp ec tives in N u tr ition
Q u a n tita tiv e C o n sid era tion o f th e E ffect o f
P o ly u n satu ra ted F a tty A c id C o n ten t o f th e
D iet U p o n th e R eq u irem en ts fo r V itam in E
P H I L I P
L.
H A R R IS , P H .D . A ND
N oiu us D .
E M B R E E , P IL D .
I T IS ho ped that P erspec tiv es in N utri tio n w ill rev iew th e litera tu re se lec tive ly , in ter-
p re t it m od era te ly an d presen t a spec trum of ideas tlsa t w ill se rve as a con tinua l
stimulation
to nu tri tion al rese arc h ap plied to m edical prob lem s.
P O L Y U N S A T U R A T E D FA T T Y A C ID A N D V IT A M IN E
IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D IE T
N o w idesp read d efic ien cy of v itam in E
h as been fou nd to ex ist in the U nited S ta tes .
Surveys9 of norm al sub jec ts have show n tha t
C om m u n ication N o. 306 from the L abora to ries of
D is tilla tion Pro duc ts Industr ies, D iv is ion o f E as tm an
K o d a k C om p a n y, R o ch e ste r, N ew Y o rk . D r.
Harris
is now D irecto r of the D iv ision of N utrition , F ood an d
D ru g A d m in istration , D ep ar tm en t of H e alth , E d u ca-
tion and W elfa re , Wash in gton D . C .
T A B L E I
F at and d-a-T ocophero l in V arious Foo d G rou ps
A vailab le fo r C on sum p tion in th e U n ited S ta tes in 1 96 0
d-a-Tocopliero l t
Fat*
(g in . /d ay) C onten tA m ou nt
(mg./100
g in . fa t) (m g/day)
V isib le fa ts
Butter
Lard
Margar ine
Shor ten ing
O ther fa ts an d
oils
O ther food fats
D ai ry p ro du ct s. .
Eggs
M eats, e tc
Beans, peas,
nuts,
et c
F ru its and vege-
tab les
G ra in p ro du ct s. .
T o t a l
14. 1 4 50. ) 7 .063
55 .92 9 .921
T o ta ls 145 .94 ...
14 .949
F rom T able 4 , N a tiona l F ood S itua tio n , No . 96 . {176}
t Fr om Harr is, et al.
11
M ac y et. a l.
:12
an d A gricu l-
tu re H andbo ok N o . 62 .13
8/11/2019 Am j Clin Nutr 1963 Harris 385 92
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T AB L E I I
Fatty A c ids in Major Fo od Groups, U . S .
pe r
Capita Consumption, 196 0*
gm/day
Saturated
.
Ole ic
. .
Lsnoleic
Other
PUFA
Total
PUFA
V isible fat
Butter
Lard
Margarine
Shortening
Other fats and oils
Totals
7.19
9.55
9 .42
15 62
14.14
3.96
3.63
2 .45
6 72
2.54
2.37
4.39
5 .37
6 . 41
3.53
0.216
0.955
0 .848
1 . 71 9
7.351
0.216
0.096
0 .377
0 15 6
0.283
0.432
1.051
1 .225
1 . 87 5
7.634
55.92 19. 30 22.07 11.089 1.128 12.217
Inv isible fat
Dairyproducts
Eggs
M eats, et c
B eans, p eas, nuts
Fruits and v eg etable s
Grain produc ts
Totals
23.31
5 .33
52 08
5.33
1 74
3 5
)t
2 .23
12.82
1 .71
19 . 96
1 . 54
. . .
0 .33
7.69
2 .35
22 . 55
2. 13
. .
0 .66
0.699
0 .373
3 . 71 7
1 . 24 9
. . .
0 .926
0.699
0 .533
3 . 00 2
0.067
. . .
0 .060
1.398
0 .906
6 . 71 9
1.316
0 . 60 9
0 .986
90.02
36.36 35.38 6.964 4.361 11.9 34
Total v isible and inv isible
fats 145.94 55.66
57.45 18.053 5.489 24.15 1
The amount o f fat supplied by each food group is from Table 4 , N ational Food S ituation N o . 96 .
{176}
The fatty acid
compo sition of indiv idual fo ods is from Fatty A cids in Food Fats . Home Econom ics Re search Report N o.
714
Food econom ist E. Cofer o f U SDA gave v aluable ass is tance and information reg arding fat supplied by indiv idual
foods
com p r isin g t h e fo od gr ou p s in t h e in v isib le fa t c a t eg or y .
t
S ince fatty acid compos itio n of indiv idual fruits and vegetables is not av ailable , an arbitrary content of 3 5 per-
cen t w a s a ss ign ed t o p olyu n sa t u r a t ed fa t t y a cid in t h e fa t for t h is fo od g r ou p . T h is p er cen t a ge is t h e a ve r a ge of a ll
thirty - four values g iven for edible plant products listed in Fatty A c ids in Fo od Fats. Home Econom ics Research
R ep or t No. 714
386 Harris and Embree
93 to 96 per cent of them have serum to cophero l
co ncentrations above the de fic iency lev e l o f
0 .5 mg . per 100 ml. Thus for the purpo ses
of this article , the av erage daily diet can be
taken as hav ing g enerally supplied suffic ient
v itam in E for the supply o f po ly unsaturated
fatty ac id.
The d-a-to cophero l content o f the 1960
die t in the U nited S tates is show n by major
c lasses o f foods in Table i ; the fo od available
to the average consumer contained 14 .9 mg.
of d-a-tocophero l per day . W e be liev e that
this is a useful guide to the v itamin E content
of the U nited S tates die t ; dev iations on the
one hand from ignoring the s light contribution
of the non-a-tocophero ls are partly co rn-
pens ated on the o ther hand by lo sses o f
tocophero l during cooking or by lo sses in
absorption.
The fatty acid analy s is o f the 1960 die t in
the U nited S tates is presented in Table ii:
the fo od available daily to the average con-
s umer contains 24 .2 gm. of po lyunsaturated
fatty ac id. Lino le ic ac id, 18 gm . daily , is
the major source of po lyunsaturated fatty
acids.
To aid the comparison of various die ts
w ith respec t to milligrams o f d-a-to cophero l
E) and gram s o f po lyunsaturated fatty ac id
PUFA ), w e shall us e the ratio E : PU FA .
The data jus t presented show that the U nited
S tates die t had a value of E : PU FA of 14 .9 :
24 .2 , or 0 .616 . The v alue o f 0 .6 w ill be used
hereafter as a re ference ratio for an adequate
supply of v itam in E.
C O NTR O L L ED E XP E R IM ENT S IN M AN
In Figure 1 are plo tted the data from
experiments des igned by Horw itt6 to produce
vitamin E deficiency in man. A t the start
8/11/2019 Am j Clin Nutr 1963 Harris 385 92
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2 3 J
5 E 3 0 L
i...., o f re l a tiv e
l e a n n e s s o
{ 1 4 9 } 0 0 3 0 C 0
B D 6 O C O
L o w - F a t
D i e t
H igh-Fa t
D i e t
D ie ta ry
Ingred ien ts
In v is ib le fat ( in da ily
die tary com po-
nen ts o f m eat ,
ve ge ta b le s
an d
fru its, b re ad and
cereals milk etc.
V isib le fat
L ard (v itam in E -
low )
C o rn oil (v itam in E -
low )
Fa t
(gm./
day)
:30 .0
30 .0
P U F A
(gm./
day)
3 . 96 t
3 .14 t
60 .0 7 .10
C a lcu lated fro m H o rw itt.6
t
V alu e fo r po lyun satura ted fatty acid con ten t of
inv isib le fat o b ta ine d fro m 19 60 va lues fo r per ca p ita
con sum ption in the U nited S tate s (T ab le II, th is re port).
M ean d aily in v isib le fa t = 90 .02 gm ., of w hic h 11 .9
gm . ( 1 3 .2 per cen t) is p o lyunsa tu ra ted
fa tty a cid ;
the re fo re the approx im ate po lyun sa tu ra ted fa tty ac id
supp lied by 30 gm . inv is ib le fa t is 3 .96 gm .
V a lue fo r p o ly un satu rated a cid con ten t of lard : 3 0
g m . la rd con ta ins 95 per cen t to ta l fa tty acids , o r 2 8 .5
g in ., o f w h ic h 1 1 per c en t , o r 3 .14 gm ., a r e p o lv u n -
sa tu ra ted fa tty ac ids.
V alue for p o ly unsatu rate d fatty a cid co nte n t of
corn o il : 6 0 g in . co rn o il con ta ins 95 per cen t to ta l fatty
ac ids, o r 57 .0 gm ., o f w hich 55 per cen t, o r 31 .35 gm .,
are po lyun sa tu ra ted fa tty ac ids.
E ffec t o f D ie ta ry F atty A c ids U pon V itam in E R equ irem en ts
3 S7
P U F A in d ie t, da y
F I G . 1 . C om p ar iso n o f t o t a l
U .S . d iet, 1 96 0 , w ith E lg in
ex perim en tal d ie ts fo r ra tio o f E (m illig ram d-a-toco-
phero l) to P U F A (gram p olyunsa tu ra ted fa tty ac id s).
o f th is stud y , in w hich m a le adu lts in the
E lg in S ta te H osp ita l w ere to be m ild ly dep le ted
o f v itam in E , th e da ily d iet su pp lied 7 . 1 g m .
of po lyunsa tu ra ted fa tty ac id (T ab le iii .
S in ce the d ie t w as fo und to con ta in ab ou t 3 .0
m g. d -a -tocophero l,6 t the E : P U F A ra tio w as
04 . (T h is d ie t, w ith its ra tio w ell be low the
reference
adequate v alue , appears in F igure
1 as p o in t B D 3O L .)
D ep le tion d ev elo ped , b u t it p roceeded slow ly .
A fte r the sub jec ts had been on th e d ie t fo r
abou t tw o y ea rs , H orw itt inc rea sed the
p o lyunsa tu ra ted fa tty acid in tak e by rep lac ing
the 30 gm . of lard (low in v itam in E , re lative ly
lo w in po lyun sa tu ra ted fa tty acid con ten t)
w ith 30 gm . o f trea ted co rn o il (lo w in v itam in
E , re la tive ly h igh in po lyu nsa tu ra ted fa tty
ac id con ten t). T h is a lte red d iet (w ith a
ra tio o f 1 ). 1 5 , sho w n in F igure 1 as po in t
B D 3O C O ) is still fa r the r from the a rea rel-
a tive ly r ich in v itam in E . T he sub jec ts
sh ow ed a fu rthe r dec rease in p la sm a to co phe ro l
leve ls du rin g the ten m on th s on th is d iet.
A no the r change in d ie t, an inc rea se in the
qu an tity o f co rn o il fro m 30 to G o gm . da ily ,
resu lted in fu rthe r dep le tion (p red ic tab le b y
the p osition o f its ra tio , 0 .08 , p o in t B D 6O C O
in F ig ure 1 ).
In the sam e m anne r w e can eva lua te re su lts
ob ta ined in the E lg in exp er im en t w ith a gro up
receiv ing the basa l d ie ts p lu s a d aily su pp le -
m en t o f d -a -to co phe ry l ace ta te . A t th e be -
I L g in n ing of th e s tu dy , the d ie t con ta in ed 7 .1
g m . o f po lyun sa tu ra ted fa tty acid and 16 .6
m g . o f d -a -tocop hero l (3 .1 ) m g . in the d ie t
and , as supp lem en t, i3 . ing -v ia 15 m g.
d -a -tocoph ery l ace ta te) . F igure 1 sh ow s th e
E :PU F A ra tio , 16 .6 :7 .1 , o r 2 .3 , as po in t
1 5E 30L , w ell ins id e th e area of re la tive rich -
ness. T he sub jec ts in th is g roup had n orm al
p lasm a to cophero l leve ls and n o ev idence of
red ce ll hem o lysis . T h ese leve ls rem a ined
no rm al ev en w hen corn o il rep laced la rd in th e
d ie t; the n ew d ie t w ith a ra tio o f 0 .8 (po in t
15 E 30C 0 in F igure 1 ) w as in the area of
adequ acy . U pon increas ing corn o il inges-
tion to
6 (1 gm .
,
the sub jec ts b eg an to sho w
sig ns o f de fic iency -low ered p lasm a tocop he ro l
leve ls an d red ce ll hem o lysis . (In F igu re 1 ,
T LE III
P U F A C o nten t
o f L ow -F at
an d
H igh -F a t E x per im e nta l
H u m an D ie ts*
Fat IU FA
(gm ./ (g tn ./
(la y) day )
30 .0
3 .96 t
6 0 .0 31 .35
90 .0
35 .31
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T AB L E IV
V itamin E N utriture for Sev eral Human D ie ts and E : PUFA , the Ratio of Quantity o f d-a-Tocophero l mg. ) to
Po lyunsaturated Fatty A c id gm
Die t*
E)
d-a-Tocopherol
in B asal plus
Supplementt
mg .)
PUFA in Inv is ible
plus V isible Fat
gm. )
E : PUFA I Response in terms of
V itamin E N utriturc
Horw itt 15E30L
Horw itt 60E60C0
Horw itt 3 0E60C0
Horw itt 15E3OCO
U . S A verag e diet
Horw itt 15EGOCO
Horw itt BD 3OL
Horw itt BD 3OCO
Horw itt B D6OCO
3 .0 + 1 3 .6
3 .0 + 54 .6
3 .0 + 2 7 .3
3 .0 + 13 .6
14 .9
3 .0 + 13 .6
3 . 0
3. 0
3. 0
4 .0 + 3 .1
4 .0 + 31 .3
4 .0 + 31 .3
4 .0 + 15 6
11 .9 + 12 .2
4 .0 + 31 .3
4 . 0 + 3 1
4 .0 + 15 .6
4 .0 + 31 .3
2. 3
1. 6
0. 9
0. 8
0. 6
0. 5
0
.
4
0 .15
0 .08
Adequate
Adequate
Adequate
Adequate
...
Inadequate
Inadequate
Inadequate
Inadequate
D etails g iv en in text.
t
The supplements w ere 1 5 , 3 0 and 60 mg. doses of d-a-to cophery l ac etate;
0 .91 to g ive the s to ichiometric values for d-a-tocophero l.
these doses hav e been multiplied by
38
Harris and Embree
the E: PU FA ratio o f the changed die t, 16 .6 :
35 .3
0 .5 , is shown by po int 15E60C0 .)
When Horw itt found that the 13 .6 mg .
o f the v itam in E supplement w as no t adequate
after the corn o il component o f the die t w as
increased, he increas ed the daily supplement
to 27 .3 mg. 3 ) mg . of d-a-tocophery l acetate ).
With this amount, plasma tocophero l lev e ls
re turned to normal and red blo od cell hemoly s is
w as prev ented. In Figure 1
this to co phe ro l-
supplemented die t is 30E60C0 and represents
an E : PU FA ratio o f 3 0 .3 : 35 .3 0.9-within
the re lativ ely rich area.) How ever, thes e
subjec ts did not appear to have , nor w ere they
able to build up, any reserv es of v itamin E,
s ince red blo od ce ll hemoly s is deve loped soon
w ithin a w eek) after supplementation ceased.
In another experim ent, daily supplementation
w ith 60 mg . d-a-tocophery l ace tate to sub-
jec ts w ith pro longed depletion caused the
red blood ce ll hemolys is values to re turn to
normal w ithin three days . Horw itt conc luded,
there fo re , that 60 mg. or more of a-tocophero l
per day are apparently suffic ient at this leve l
o f lino leate inges tion. The adequacy of this
dose is also sugg es ted by its high E : PU FA
ratio 57 .6 : 3 5 .3 1 .6 , po int 6 0E60C0 in
Figure
1 ). D etails o f these calculations are
s how n in Table Iv .
A lthough Horw itts experim ents w ere not
designed to de term ine the exac t quantitativ e
re lationship betw een an adequate amount
o f d-a-tocophero l and the amount o f po ly -
unsaturated fatty ac id ingested, the data
plo tted on Fig ure 1 show that the m inimum
symptom-free ratio o f d-a-tocophero l to po ly -
unsaturated fatty ac id is be tw een 1 .5 and
0 .8 fo r the experim ental c onditions
he us ed.
For subsequent discussion and evaluation o f
die ts, w e shall use 1 .6 as the critical ratio ,
bearing in m ind that, s ince it is the ratio for
the to tal averag ed U nited S tates die t, it is
generally adequate .
EX P ER IM E NT S W IT H AN IM AL S
To see if the critical value of E : PUFA for
man is the same as that for o ther spec ie s , w e
hav e analyzed the data in published reports
o f ex periments w ith animals us ing reg imens
that produced v itam in E deficiency . In many
reports the details concerning the type and
amount o f v itam in E adminis tered or the
kind and amount of fat fed w ere not comple te
enough fo r us to calculate the dietary E : PU FA
ratio . How ever, in those that w ere adequate
in these respec ts tw enty-one papers )
w e
have show n Table v) the low es t reported
value o f E : PU FA that prevented o r cured)
de fic iency symptom s and the highes t reported
E : PUFA that perm itted v itamin E depletion
to o ccur. For comparison, the appropriate
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E ffec t o f D ie ta ry F a tty A c ids U p on V itam in E R equ irem en ts
T A B L E V
E
: P UF A R atio s fo r D ie ts T h a t P r od u c ed an d R e lieve d V ita m in E D eficiency in V ario us A n im al S pec ies
Nutrient Intake*
38 9
E : P U F A
P e r m i t t i ng
Deficiency
S y m p t o m s
P e r m i t t i ng
N o r m a l
R e s po ns e
D ef icie nc y S y m p to m s
S tudie d
R e fe r e nc e
p e cie s a n d S o u rc e
o f P U F A
H u m a n
(C o r n o il 1 2 % )
M o n k e y
(L a rd 8 % C L O 3
m l . )
Bovine caf
(L a rd
28% C L O 2% )
B o v in e c a lf
(L ar d 28% )
Pig
(W h eat oil I % CL O
1% )
Rab b it
(L ar d 6 % C L O 2% )
R a bbi t
(L ar d .5 % C L O 3% )
M o u s e
(L a rd
2 0 % C L O 2 % )
Ra t
(L a rd 22% C L O
2
Ra t
(L in see d o il 1 0 % )
Ra t
(C o rn o il 15
Ra t
(L a rd 1 8 % C L O 2 % )
Ra t
(Me n h ad e n o il 1 5 % )
Ra t
Lard 18 CLO2 )
Ra t
(C L O 5 % )
R a t, fem a le
(L ard 10% )
R a t, M a le
(L a rd 1 0 % )
Ch ic k e n
(Sa f flo w er o il 1 0 % )
Ch ic k e n
(Sa f flo w er o il 1 0 % )
Ch ic k e n
(C o r n o il 4 % )
Ch ic k e n
(C o t to n se ed o il 2 0 % )
Ch ic k e n
C LO 5 )
T ur ke y
(L ar d 3% T o ru la lip id
1% )
d
T oc op h e r ol
(m g . ) t
17.5
17.5
0.9
5. 9
38.8
3 9 . 0
10.1
6 8
9. 5
43.0
0. 7
1. 4
0.4
5.4
I .2
1.7
1.7
.5.0
0 . 2 0
0.25
0.4
0. 7
0.04
0.09
3.1
3.7
0. 6
1. 9
2. 0
8.7
0.6
0.7
1. 0
1. 2
2. 5
6. 0
5.0
8 0 . 0
8. 0
16.0
3.0
6.0
0.5
2. 2
I .0
2.0
P U F A
(g m . )
35.3
19.6
4.8
4. 8
30.3
22. 5
16. 3
16.3
25.1
25.1
1.26
1. 26
3.0
3. 0
3. 8
3.8
0.6
0.6
0.78
0. 78
8. 8
8. 8
0.36
0.36
12.0
12.0
3.6
:3 . 6
16.2
16.2
1. 2
1. 2
1. 2
1. 2
7.0 LA)
7.0 LA)
32. 0
32. 0
22 . 4
22 . 4
11 .0 (L A )
1 1 .0 (L A )
4.0
4. 0
2. 1
2. 1
0 . 5
. . .
. . .
0.9
E ry thr o c y te he m o ly sis
Ho r w i t t
0.2
. . .
. . .
1.3
M u scle d y str o p hy a n d
a ne m i a
F itc h a nd D in nin g
1
3
.
.
0.6
. . .
. . .
1
. 7
. . .
1.0
M u scle w a stin g a nd
pa r a l y s i s
P a ra ly sis a n d d ea th
B la x te r et a l.
T ho m a s a n d O k a -
m o to 7
0.4
. . .
0.5
. . .
1. 7
. . .
E m b ry o s d ie d o r y o u n g
b o r n w ith m u scle dy s-
tr o phy
C r e a t i nur i a
A d a m sto n e a t a l.
H o v e a n d H a r ris
... 1.1
0. 1
. . .
0.3
. . .
.
. .
1 .
8
.
. .
0.4
E le v a ted pla sm a a ld o la se
a n d m u scu la r w ea kn e ss
R e so rp tio n o f fe tu s
Z u ck e rm a n a n d M a r -
qua r dt
Go e t ts c h { 1 7 6 }
0.3
.
0.2
. .
0.05
. .
. . .
0.8
. . .
0
.
3
. . .
0. 1
Insu ff icie nt la cta tio n , u te -
i nc p ig me nt at io n
T est icu la r a tro ph y ; m u s
c u la r p ath olo g y
Creatinuria
E v a n sa n d E m e rso n
F iler et a l.
Century and
Ho r w i t t2
0. 12
{ 1 4 9 }.
. . .
0 . 2 5
R e so r pt io n o f fetus
M a s o n
0 . 2 6
. . .
0.2
. . .
. .
{149}
0.31
. . .
0. 5
T esticu la r de g e ne ra tio n ,
tissu e p e ro x id e s , a n em ia
C er o id d e po sit io n a nd
de a th
R a she e d e t a l.
G y o rg y e t a l.
0. 1
...
. . .
0.5
H e m o r r ha g ic liv er ne c ro -
s is a nd d ea th
D a m a n d G r a n a d o s
0. 5
. . .
. . .
0.6
E r y th ro cy te h em o ly sis
W a r d
0. 8
...
. . .
1.0
E r y th ro cy te h em o ly sis W a rd
0.4
. . .
0.2
. . .
. . .
0 . 9
.
.
.
2. 5
L o w h a tch a b ility ca u se d
by em b ry o n ic de a th s
P oo r h at ch ab il it y
O lso n e t a l.
M a c h Im e t a l
0.4
.
.
.
. . .
0. 7
E nc e pha l o m a l a c i a
C e n tu ry e t a la
0.3
. . .
. . .
0.6
E n ce p ha lo m a la c ia M a c h Im a n d G o r d o n
0. 1
. . .
.
.
0.6
P er o x id a tio n o f a d ipo se
tissue
D a m a nd G r a n a do s
0.5
. . .
. .
1
.
0
E m b ry o n ic de a th , lo w
ha tc ha bi l i ty
J e nse n et a l.
Th e intakes
w e re c a lcu la te d fo r w h a te v e r u n it o f th e die t th a t w a s d esc rib ed in su f ficie n t d eta il to e na ble the co n ten ts to b e est i-
m a te d fo r E a n d P U F A . T he m a g n itu de o f the d ie t u n it is im m a te ria l s inc e o n ly th e ra t io , E : P U F A , is n ee d ed . L A u se d w h e n da ta
w e re a v a ila b le o n lin o le ic a c id co n te n t o n ly .
f S o m e su pp lem e nts w e re d -a - to c o p he ry l a c eta te ; the a m o u n ts w e re m ult ip lie d by 0 .9 1 to o b ta in th e sto ic h io m e tr ic e q uiv a le n t o f
d -a -to co ph e ro l. W he n su p p le m en ts o f d l-a -to co ph e ro l o r its a c e ta te w e r e u sed , th ese qu a n tit ies w e re d iv id ed b y 1 .3 6 a n d 1 .4 9 , r esp e c-
t iv ely , to g e t the e q uiv a le n t q u a n titie s o f d -a - to c o p h er o l.m
ra tio s fo r m an from the E lg in stud ies a re
included .
A g ro ss ana lysis o f th is so rt can no t be
ex pected to g ive a p rec ise v alu e fo r th e ra tio s
o f B : P U F A because o f the p ro bab ility o f
specie s va ria tion an d b ecause o f d iffe ren ces
in ex pe rim en tal tech n ic s . T hese d iffe ren ces
in c lude the pa rticu lar de ficiency sym ptom
un de r exam ina tion as w ell a s tim e of dep le tion
and effect o f m inera ls and o th er nu trien ts in
the expe rim en ta l d ie ts . N eve rthe le ss , the
va lue o f 0 .6 p ropo sed by us as the critica l
va lue fo r the E : P U F A ra tio fo r m an tu rns
ou t to be w e ll w ith in the gene ral m agn itude
of such ratio s foun d in va rious ex pe rim en ts
w ith an im als .
8/11/2019 Am j Clin Nutr 1963 Harris 385 92
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39 0
H arris and E m bree
E S T IM A T IO N O P V IT A M IN E V A L U E O F FO O D S
A N D D IE T S
T he accep tance o f 0 .6 as a rea son ab le va lue
o f the c ritic a l ra tio o f E : P U F A allow s us to
estim a te read ily th e con tr ibu tio n o f a fo od to
v itam in E n u tritu re . F o r ex am ple , a pa rticu -
la r sam p le o f bee f fat, alth oug h low in d-ce-
{149}oco phero l con ten t (2 m g. pe r 100 gm ), is
a lso low in po lyun satu ra ted fa tty acid co n ten t
3 gm . p er 100 gm .) and there fo re w ith its
adequa te E : P U F A ratio o f 0 .7 w ou ld no t
have a v itam in E -dep le ting effec t w h en
ingested . A co d live r o il, ho w eve r , w ith a
m uch h ig he r d -a- tocop he ro l con ten t (10 .2
m g . pe r 1 00 g m .) an d a lso a h igh er p o ly -
unsa tu ra ted fa tty ac id con ten t (81 gm .
pe r
10 0 gm .) w ill have an E : P U F A ra tio o f 0 .2 ;
thus , a d ie t con ta in in g a few per cen t o f co d
live r o il w ill p ro duce v itam in E d efic ien cy
un les s the re is ano the r sou rce o f v itam in
E in the d iet.6 3 5
It is p ro bab ly o f m o re p ractica l use he re to
po in t ou t tha t som e v eg etab le o ils (co nside red
to be rich in v itam in E ) have E : PU F A ratio s
b elo w 0 .6 . T h us, acco rd ing to o ur w ork ing
hy po thes is , they shou ld have an adverse
effec t o n v itam in E nu tr itu re . F o r exam p le,
re fin ed o ils w ith these rep orted assays1 pe r
1 00 gm .-co rn o il 7 m g. d-a -tocop hero l :56
g m . po ly unsatu ra ted fatty ac id ; E : P U F A
0 . 1 ), soybean o il (11 ) m g. d -a -tocop hero l: 5 6
gu i po ly unsa tu ra ted fatty ac id
=
0 .2 ), and
pean u t o il (1 1 m g. d -a -to co phe ro l : 29 gm .
po lyun sa tu ra ted fa tty acid = 0 .4 )-w ou ld be
ex pected to accen tua te v itam in E dep letio n
ra the r than re liev e it.
T ha t the se w id ely u sed fo od o ils have b een
fou nd to have a d ep le tin g e ffec t w h en fed to
expe rim en ta l an im a ls is reco rded in the lite r-
ature. W h en F arm er36 and co -w orke rs ad ded
corn o il to a v itam in E -de ficien t d ie t o f
guine a pig s,
it in tensif ied the sym p tom s of
v itam in E d efic ien cy -m usc le w eakness and
rep rod uc tive m a lfu nc tion . W h en A m brose et
a l.37 ad ded soybean o il a t a 2 per cen t leve l to
a d ie t con ta in ing suffic ien t v itam in E to
su pport rep roduc tion in ra ts, the ad d ition
indu ced rep ro duc tive fa ilu re . G riffith s38 re-
po rted tha t a ltho ugh 0 .3 m g . d i-a -toco phe ry l
ace ta te w as adequa te fo r y oun g ch icks on a
d iet co n ta in ing 3 pe r cen t arach is o il, w hen
the d iet con ta ined 10 p er cen t a rach is o il
1 .0 m g . o f d l-a- tocop he ry l ace tate pe r lO t)
gm . d ie t w as n o t su ff ic ien t.
E xperience has sho w n the im possib ility o f
m aking fla t ru le s fo r p red ictin g th e requ ire -
m en t o f any nu trien t w ithou t tak in g in to
accoun t the res t o f th e d ie t, the en v ironm en t,
specie s , age o r sex . N eve rthe le ss , th e use
o f E : PU F A
=
0 .6 as a gu ide sho u ld b e o f
som e h elp to th e p ractica l nu trition ist try ing
to eva lua te d ie ta ry v itam in E in the face o f
reco rded ev idence of de ficiency an d su ffic iency
at va ry ing in takes.
W e su ggest tha t any d iet hav in g an E : P U FA
ratio o f le ss th an 0 .6 b e co nsid ered as be ing
probab ly de fic ien t in v itam in E ; how eve r, if
the to ta l fa t and p o lyu nsa tu ra ted fa tty ac id
a re qu ite low , such a d ie t m ay no t p rodu ce
se rio us sy m pto m s of de ficiency fo r m on th s
o r even yea rs .
If a d ie t has an E : P U F A ra tio o f m ore than
0 .6 , it is qu ite like ly to be suffic ien t in v itam in
E . B ut th e rese rves m ig h t on ly be en ough
fo r a few days if the p o lyunsa tu ra ted fa tty
ac id con ten t is h igh -a s in som e h igh lino lea te
d ie ts used by c lin ic ians.39 Fu rth e rm ore , if
fo r any pa rticu la r reaso n v itam in E de -
f ic ien cy sy m pto m s w ere to be avo id ed in
exp erim en ts w ith an u n te sted new die t, th e
0 .6 facto r w ou ld g ive a m in im u m leve l w h ich
co u ld be m ultip lied b y a safe ty fac to r . I f
to x ic ity o f a new die t is und er study , a t lea st
tw o lev els o f v itam in E sh ou ld be con side red
because o f the p ro tec tive e ffec t o f th is v itam in
ag ain st cer ta in tox ic ag en ts .7
S U M M A R Y
A con ven ien t ra tin g fo r the co n tr ibu tio n to
v itam in E nu tritu re by d ie ts and ind iv idu al
food s is
E : P U F A -th e ra tio o f the am ou n t
o f v itam in E (m illig ram of d -a - tocoph e ro l)
to the am ou n t o f po ly unsa tu ra ted fat (g ram s
of po ly unsatu ra ted fatty ac id ) . T he E : PU F A
ra tio o f the ave rag e 196 0 d ie t in the U n ited
S tate s (av eraged p er cap ita am oun t o f food s
av ailab le fo r con sum p tion ) is 0 .6 . P ub lished
da ta on m an and o n an im a ls ind ica te th a t th is
ra tio is n o t m uch h igher than tha t o f d ie ts
in duc ing de fin ite sym ptom s of v itam in E
8/11/2019 Am j Clin Nutr 1963 Harris 385 92
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E ffec t o f D ie tary Fa tty A cid s U po n V itam in E R eq u irem en ts
39 1
d efic ien cy . T h us, d ie ts w ith E : P U F A ra tio s
abo ve 0 .6 a re p red ic ted gene ra lly to p ro tec t
aga ins t v itam in E de fic iency , bu t d iets w ith
ra tio s low er than 0 .6 a re exp ec ted to have a
dep le ting e ffec t.
R E F F R E N C E S
1. D A M , H . E ffec t o f co d liv er o il an d ran cid ity o n
ce rta in v ita m in E d efic ien c y sym p tom s. Proc.
Soc. Exper. Biol. M ed., 52 : 285 , 1943 .
2. FIL E R , L . J ., JR ., R U ME R Y , R . E . and M A S O N , K . E .
S pe cific u nsa tu ra te d fatty ac id s in th e p ro d u c-
tion of ac id -fast p igm en t in the v itam in E -defi-
c ien t rat a n d th e p ro tec tiv e a ction of to cop h ero ls.
In : B io log ica l A n tiox id an ts , T ran sac tion s of th e
F irst C on fe rence , O c tober 1 0-11 , 19 46 , p . 6 7 .
E d i ted b y M ac k en z ie, C . G . N ew Y ork , 194 6 .
Jos iah M acy , Jr. F ound a tion .
3. H O V E , E . L . and H A m uus , P . L . R e la tiv e activity
of th e toc op h e rols in c u rin g m u scu la r d ystrop h y
in r ab bits . J. Nutrition, 33 : 9 5 , 1947 .
4. B L A X T E R , K . L . , B R O W N , F . and M A C D O N A L D ,
A . M . T he nu trition of the youn g A yrsh ire ca lf.
13 . T he tox ic ity o f the u nsa tu ra ted ac ids
of cod -
liver oil. Brit. J. Nutrition, 7 : 287 , 1 953 .
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, H A R V E Y ,
C . C .
,
D U N C A N , G . D .
an d W I L S O N , W . C . E ffects o f lim ited
tocophero l
in take in m an w ith re la tion sh ips to e ry th rocy te
h em o ly sis and lip id ox ida tions . Am . J. C lin.
N utrition, 4 : 4 08 , 19 56 .
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in m an . A m . J. C lin. N utrition,
8: 45 1 , 19 60 .
7. H O V E , E . L . A nti-v itam in E s tress fac to rs as re-
la ted to lip id perox id es .
A n,. J. C lin.
N utrition,
3 :328 , 19 55 .
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tio n -an in terp reta tiv e re vie w .
Bordens R ev.
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C U S A C I C ,
E . R . and J E N S E N , J . L . B lood toco-
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in n orm a l h u m an ad u lts an d m ci-
dence o f
vitamin
E d ef ic ie nc y. P roc. Soc. E xper.
B io l. M ed . 1 07 :381 , 196 1 .
10 . N atio na l
F o o d
Situat ion .
N o. 9 6 , p . 1 9 . W a shin g-
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D epa rtm en t o f
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Q U A I P E ,
M . L . and S W A N S O N , \V . J.
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L . and
M A R Q U A R D T ,
G .
H . M uscle ,
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th e
mou se .
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C E N T U R Y ,
B . and
H O R W I T T ,
M . K . R ole of d ie t
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M A S O N , K . E . M in im al req u irem en ts o f m ale and
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2 7 . W um , R . J.
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2 8. O L S O N , G .
,
M A T T E R S O N , L . D . and T L U S T O H O w I C Z ,
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fa tty ac id s.
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29 . M A c H L I N , L . J.,
G O R D O N ,
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C E N T U R Y ,
B .
, H O R W I T T ,
M . K . and
B A I L E Y ,
P.
L ip id facto rs in the produc tion o f en cep ha lo -
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39 2 H a rr i s an d E m bree
n ialacia in the c h ic k . Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 1:
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31 . M A C R L IN L.
J.
an d G O R D O N , R . S . L in o leic ac id
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&
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32 . D A M H . and
G R A N A D O S , H . P e rox ida tio n of bo dy
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33 . J E N S E N L . S ., S C O T T M . L .,
H E U S E R , G.
F. ,
N O R R I S L . C . an d N E L S O N , T . S . S tud ies on the
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34 . N ationa l F orm ula ry , 11 th ed ., p . 45 9 . W ash ing ton ,
1960 . A m erican Pharm aceutical A ssociation
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fo r t i f icat ion
w ith v itam in E . Brit. J. Nutrition
1 5 : 2 9 7 1 9 6 1
36 . F A R M E R F . A ., M U T C H B . C ., B E L L J . M .,
W O O L SE Y L . D . and C R A M P T O N , E . W . T he v ita -
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J . N utr iti on
42 :309 ,
1950 .
37 . A M B R O S E A . M . R O B B I N S D . J. and D E E D S F.
E ffec t of acetostearin on reproduction in albino
ra ts. Food Res. 23 : 550 , 1958 .
38 . OR IFFITHS T . W . S tud ies on the requ irem en t o f
the y oung ch ick fo r v itam in E . II T he effects of
d iffe ren t sou rces and lev e ls o f d ie ta ry lip ids on
live -w eigh t ga in and body v itam in E sto rage .
Brit. J. N utritio n 15 : 271 , 1961 .
39 . A m erican M edical A sso cia tion , C ou nc il on F oods
an d N utrition . T he reg u lation of d ie ta ry fa t.
J.A.M.A.
1 81:411 , 1 962 .
Recommended