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ALYSSA HASEGAWAHEY-RIM YOO
Case StudyIraq 2003
Outline
1. Introduction Historical Background Key points & Important Events Actions Taken By the International Community Failure & Lessons 3. Conclusion The Significance of Iraq 2003 Case Current Situations and Issues
Historical Background
Saddam Hussein
5th President of IraqJuly 17 Revolution⇒
Establishment of Baathist government
He order the invasion of Kuwait in 1990⇒Gulf War
Convicted on charges of killing 148 Iraqi Shiites (April 28, 1937 ~ December 30,
2006)
Key Event of Iraq 2003
September 11, 2001Terror attack on the World Trade Center George W. Bush took this action as an aggression of “terror” Osama bin Laden and Saddam Hussein were primary targets
Important Events
State of Union Speech by President Bush (January 29, 2002) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHA-0EmkoC8
UN Blockages Iraq (May 14 ,2002)
U.S. Congress authorize use of military in Iraq (October 2002)
Important Events (2)
May 19, 2003 President Bush proclaim “invasion” on Iraq http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZ8iMwA11T
QMay 20, 2003
First skirmish between American and Iraqi forces confirmed, and air raid started in Bagdad
International Reaction
US⇒ Osama bin Laden(Iraq strong ①connection to
Al Qaeda lead to attack on Afghanistan)
②Saddam Hussein violence towards its people
③Disarm of Iraq`s WMDsUK⇒ Disarm Iraqi forces① ② Giving sanctions to people violated
by Saddam Hussein UN⇒Disarmament of Saddam Hussein
All on the same opinion of Saddam Hussein
Actions Taken By the International Community
Actions Taken By the International Community
UN-led ResolutionsResolution 1441 (November 8, 2002)
US-led ResolutionsOperation Enduring Freedom (October 7,
2001)Operation Iraqi Freedom (May 20 ,2003)Operation New Dawn (September 2010)
Resolution 1441
Final opportunity to comply with disarmament obligations (November 8, 2002)
Ceasefire under the term of Resolution 687 Anti WMD and prohibition of missiles and armaments
Coalition of the willing (US led invasion of Iraq)
This was voted unanimously
Operation Enduring Freedom
Reaction to September 11 attack on World Trade Center
War in Afghanistan by the U.S. government under the Global “War on Terror”
Aerial bombing on Taliban forces and al-Qaeda
US causalities⇒2.165 service men & 3 civilians
Afghanistan civilian death⇒1,000~3,000
Operation Iraqi Freedom
Reaction to Iraq rejection to UN`s Resolution 1441 by the US (May 20 ,2003~May 1, 2003)
Deployed 255,000 U.S., 45,000 British, 2,000 Australian, and 200 Polish troops
49 countries participated (ex. UK, Japan, and South Korea had their coalition force)
US causalities⇒4,409 service men & 13 civilians
Iraqi civilian death⇒ over 55,000
Failures & Lesson
Broad interpretation of UN ResolutionsFailure of Saddam Hussein to comply with
the ResolutionsFailure of the international society and
organizations to prevent U.S. and its coalition from invading Iraq
Failure of U.S. to accept the majority opinion of the international society
Failures of the International Society
Iraq Invasion of 2003
Supreme Humanitarian Emergency X
Last Resort X
Proportionality X
Positive Humanitarian Outcome (short) X/△
(long) X
Humanitarian motives X
Humanitarian justification X
Legality X
Selectivity X
Evaluation
Supreme Humanitarian Emergency
Human rights record of Iraq in 2003 did not constitute a supreme humanitarian emergency
In reality, there were much more civilian deaths after the coalition’s invasion in 2003
Last Resort
Economic sanctionsCriminal prosecutionMore thorough inspection from IAEAPressure from surrounding states (Saddam
Hussein’s enemies)
Proportionality
As the invasion wasn’t intended for humanitarian reasons, the coalition failed to deploy troops trained in policing
Civilian deaths by bombing, cross-firing etc.
Positive Humanitarian Outcome
Short Released the Iraqi
people from Saddam Hussein (△)
But there was no prospect for positive humanitarian outcome since the invasion wasn’t intended for humanitarian reasons
Long Total failure in
rebuilding phase Lack of police troops Lack of support from
the international society
Humanitarian Motives
The coalition started focusing on “humanitarian” reasons only after they found out that there were no WMDs in Iraq
Humanitarian Justification
Kenneth Roth in War in Iraq: Not a humanitarian intervention ‘Better late than never’ is not a justification for
humanitarian intervention, which should be countenanced only to stop mass murder, not to punish its perpetrators, desirable as punishment is in such circumstances.
Legality
Reinterpretation of UN Resolutions by US and UK UK: War with Iraq was legal because it was authorized by the
Security Council under Resolution 1441 due to Iraq’s breach of Resolution 678 Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter
Demands that Iraq comply fully with resolution… and decides, while maintaining all its decisions, to allow Iraq one final opportunity…
… a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations under relevant resolutions of the Council
US: Legitimate based on ‘preemptive’ self-defense … given the goals of rogue states and terrorists, the United States
can no longer solely rely on a reactive posture as we have in the past. The inability to deter a potential attacker, the immediacy of today’s threat, and the magnitude of potential harm that could be caused by our adversaries, choice of weapons, do not permit that option. We cannot let our enemies strike first.
Selectivity
Why not back then? Oil Geopolitical reasons
Current Situation of Iraq
U.S. army completely withdrew from Iraq by December 2011
Current President of Iraq is Jalal Talabani—he is a Kurd
Significance
War against Iraq in 2003 was an “invasion” waged by the United States and its coalition members under the name of “humanitarian intervention,” staining/degrading the true value of “humanitarian intervention” as an international norm
It ignited a debate on both the humanitarian intervention and the role and power of UN
Question on US-led/organized humanitarian intervention
Thank You for Listening!!
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL34387.pdf
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908900.html
http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/2011/
http://www.iwar.org.uk/news-archive/iraq/maps/usaf-map.htm
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