Alvin High School. Is a continuous development that contains a central city, many nearby cities,...

Unit 7Cities and Urban Land Use

Alvin High School

Cities are everywhere

Is a continuous development that contains a central city, many nearby cities, towns and suburbs.

Physical City

1. Folk- (preliterate)- earliest cities, predating written language.

2. Feudal- During the middle ages- dependent relationship between wealthy land owners and peasants.

3. Preindustrial- little machine technology, people and animals form basis for economic production.

4. Urban- industrial- W. Europe, America, Japan. Production through machines, and energy sources from fossil fuels and atomic power.

Social Classification-Sjoberg Cities change over time

Functions of cities included:◦Centers of power-headquarters of early heads of state.◦Religious centers-priests, temples and shrines located in cities.◦ Economic centers-markets for trade, wealthy merchants, land

and livestock owners, traders operating and living in urban areas.

◦ Educational centers-city residents included teachers and philosophers to educate the urban elite.

Function and Location of Ancient Cities

City

Medieval, Preindustrial and Industrial World Cities

The largest settlements were centers of government, church and markets.

Roads connected to hinterlands. Most cities were surrounded by walls. Streets were narrow and winding. Occupational groups were clustered together. Ethnicity defined communities and sought to keep out

people who differed from themselves. “ghetto” first described the segregation of Jews in

Venice.

Medieval cities

City-states-self-governing communities that included the nearby countryside.

Greeks◦Athens-first city to reach 100,000 in population.◦Urban empire included large parts of the interior of Europe

along with Mediterranean shores. Phoenicians-SW Africa Romans

The cities were connected by a network of land and sea routes.

Urbanization and Mediterranean

Urban centers for culture. Mark Jefferson named them: Primate Cities –larger

than other cities in the area and representing national culture.◦Kyoto-old Japan◦ Paris-French culture◦London-all that is English.

Preindustrial Cities.

Mercantile City-where trade became central to the city design.◦No matter where the city was located, it’s central square was

fronted by government and religious buildings, housing for the rich.

◦ Streets leading to the square were arteries of commerce, lined with shops that specialized in products brought by the trade routes.

◦ Ex. London, Lisbon, Amsterdam

Preindustrial Cities

Industrial Revolution Cities

Created the Manufacturing City◦ Factories attracted workers from rural areas. In some countries

tenements were constructed for worker housing.◦Broad, straight boulevards to accommodate the flow of

commercial traffic, eventually cars.◦Developers divided cities into regular sized lots as land was a

commodity to be bought and sold.◦ Some cities retained their historic square, others lost

organization.◦ Problems of sanitation, overcrowding, pollution and disaray.

Industrial Revolution

Modern City- Little attention is paid building aesthetics or design. Multiple CBD’s and disbursed suburbs. The Hallmark of American Life.

Postmodernism- city spaces become more people friendly

Edge City- characterized by extensive office and retail space◦ 1950’s-60’s- suburbanization◦ 1970-80’s- malls◦ 1990-2000’s- big box retailers

Cities

Process by which cities grow. This has two dimensions:◦An increase in the number of people living in cities.◦An increase in the percentage of people living in cities.

Urbanization

Percent living in urban areas. More developed countries have higher % in urban areas.

70% of USA lives in urbanized areas◦ 30% in central cities◦ 40% surrounding

jurisdictions

Urbanized area

Cities with 3 million or more

An MSA includes the following:1. An urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000.2. The county within which the city is located.3. Adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of residents working in the central city’s county.

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

Urbanized area between 10,000 and 50,000.

The county in which it is found and adjacent counties tied to the city

Micropolitan Statistical Area

Megalopolis

Adjacent MSA’s overlap. A county between two central cities may send large

number of commuters to jobs in each. Megalopolis-Greek word meaning “Great City”

Boswash Corridor

Megalopolis

1. Tokyo-Yokohama, Japan - 33,200,0002. New York, United States - 17,800,0003. Sao Paulo, Brazil - 17,700,0004. Seoul-Incheon, South Korea - 17,500,0005. Mexico City, Mexico - 17,400,0006. Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto, Japan - 16,425,0007. Manila, Philippines - 14,750,0008. Mumbai, India (formerly Bombay) - 14,350,0009. Jakarta, Indonesia - 14,250,00010. Lagos, Nigeria - 13,400,00011. Kolkata, India (formerly Calcutta) - 12,700,00012. Delhi, India - 12,300,00013. Cairo, Egypt - 12,200,000

14. Los Angeles, United States - 11,789,00015. Buenos Aires, Argentina - 11,200,00016. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - 10,800,00017. Moscow, Russia - 10,500,00018. Shanghai, China - 10,000,00019. Karachi, Pakistan - 9,800,00020. Paris, France - 9,645,00021. Nagoya, Japan - 9,000,000 (tie)21. Istanbul, Turkey - 9,000,000 (tie)23. Beijing, China - 8,614,00024. Chicago, United States - 8,308,00025. London, United Kingdom - 8,278,00026. Shenzhen, China - 8,000,000

World’s 26 Largest Cities

In the place of great manufacturing cities are modern world cities that have become centers of business, consumer and public sectors.

World Cities and Megacities

LDC’s Large, chaotic,

unplanned sprawling growth

Pollution Widespread poverty

Megacity

Coined by the United Nations in the 1970’s for cities over 10 million.

House new arrivals in overpopulated apartment buildings, tenements or slums.

Shantytowns have grown up around many. Lack of zoning allows the very wealthy to live next to

the very poor.

Megacities

Hamlet-cluster of farmer’s houses with a few basic services.

Village-smallest urban settlement. Several dozen services more specialized than a hamlet.

Town-has more specialized function. May have a bank, post office, hospital, schools. Towns have a hinterland-smaller villages or hamlets economically dependent on it.

City-large population, functional specialization. Well defined central business district.

Megalopolis-multiple cities that have grown together.

Urban Hierarchy-from smallest to largest

CBD- Central Business district Central City- urban area that is not suburban Ghetto- inner city that has become dilapidated Node- centers of activity Suburb- residential communities Exurb- ring of prosperous communities beyond the

suburbs

Urban Components

Retail◦ High end shops◦ Retail services such as

malls, grocery stores◦ Business services

High cost of land◦ Tokyo-$500 million/sq acre◦ Intensive land use◦ skyscrapers

Excluded activities◦ Declining manufacturing◦ Lack of residents

CBD-Downtown

How the price and demand for real estate changes as the distance from the Central Business District (CBD) increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center.

Bid Rent theory

Areas outside the city that are affected by it.

How big an area, depends on the city.

The urban hierarchy is at work.

Urban Influence Zones

¾ of people in developed countries live in cities.

Urbanization in the USA◦ 1800-5% urbanized----1950-20%

Migration rural to urban has increased in less developed countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.◦ By 2000, 32 of the 48 cities with populations over 5 million were in less

developed nations.

All countries have in common:◦ The proportion of people living in cities is rising.◦ Cities themselves are large and growing.

Rural to Urban Migration andUrban Growth

Urban centers are functionally connected to other cities and to rural areas.◦ Transportation centers-major routes converge.◦ Special function cities-engaged in manufacturing, mining, or

recreation.◦Central places-provide goods and services for the surrounding

areas. ◦Cities carry out activities that are necessary simply to support

itself.

Functions of Cities

Export activities-produce goods and services for outside the city. They are the basic sector of the city’s economy.

Non-basic or service sector- produce goods or services for the residents of the city itself.

Base ratio-ration between workers employed in basic and non basic sector. The larger the city the larger the ratio of non-basic workers.◦Multiplier effect-new basic sector employment is

accompanied by a larger share of non-basic workers. Decreasing the ratio of basic to non-basic workers.

The economic base of cities

Economic base

Two theories of settlement geography or patterns of settlement on the earth’s surface.◦Rank-size rule.◦Christaller’s Central Place Theory

Models of Urban Systems

Rank size ordering describes patterns of urban sizes in complex economies where urbanization is well established.

Tells us that the nth largest city will be 1/n the size of the largest city.◦ Example the 2nd largest city will be ½ the size of the first

largest city.◦ In some countries the primate city so dominates that no other

cities fit the rank size order.

Rank Size Rule

Geographers analyze the internal land spaces of cities and the various uses that it serves.

Cities are often arranged in similar ways, allowing geographers to develop models of urban land use.

The models are influenced by:◦Accessibility◦High cost of accessible space◦ Transportation◦ Societal and cultural needs.

Internal Cities

Accessibility◦ Functions of cities be fulfilled in spaces accessible to its

inhabitants. Ex. High density housing within walking distance of workers during the Industrial Revolution.

High cost of accessible space◦ The cost of land ↑ as available land↓◦Mass transportation allowed the amount of useable space to

grow.◦ Population density pushes the cost of land and other

commodities higher.

Internal cities

Transportation◦ Lines of transportation determine the growth of a city.◦ Land with highest accessibility is the most desirable and

generally the most expensive. Societal and cultural needs.◦ Economic competition determines land use.◦ Some highly desirable land is usually set aside for parks,

schools, libraries. Look at Central Park in NYC

Internal Cities

Models of Urban Land Use

Three different models developed to explain land use within cities.

The 3 models were all developed in Chicago, with flat land and only Lake Michigan to disrupt the landscape.

The three models:◦Concentric Zone◦ Sector◦Multiple Nuclei Models

Models of Urban Land Use

Created in 1923 Sociologist EW Burgess It views cities growing

outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings.

Concentric Zone Model

Concentric Zones

Concentric Zones

Zone 1-CBD, nonresident activities, property costs↑. Zone 2-Zone in transition, light industry, housing for

poor, services in transition between CBD and residential areas in outer zones. Housing formerly occupied by the wealthy, who have moved farther out. Industry in Zone 2 are too large to fit into Zone 1, owners seeking cheaper land.

Zone 3-working class homes, modest older homes on smaller lots. Housing is less expensive than outer rings.

Zone 4-homes are larger and more expensive. Middle class single family homes or high rent apartments. These persons choose location and afford high cost of transportation to the CBD.

Zone 5-commuter zone, farthest from CBD. Beyond continuous built up area. People live in small villages where they spend leisure and sleep hours and commute to the CBD.

Concentric Zones

Concentric Zone

Burgesses model is dynamic. Invasion and succession explains the changes to the

model.◦ Poorer inhabitants drive wealthy farther out from the center of

the city.

Sector ModelHomer Hoyt1939Land Economist

Cities develop in a series of sectors. Sectors develop by environmental factors or by chance. As cities grow, activities expand outward like a wedge. Once an area is established for industry, other industry

will cluster around it. Wealthy areas attract wealthy. Middle class live next to

wealthy.

Sector Model

Sector Model

Multiple Nuclei ModelC. D. Harris and E. L. UllmanDeveloped in 1945

Harris and Ullman Explains that large cities develop by spreading from

several nodes of growth, not just one. Individual nodes have special functions This model explains that incompatible land use activities

do not cluster in the same location. Nodes influence the type of development that occurs

around them. This model explains then clusters come into contact,

incompatible land uses will develop along juncture lines.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Multiple Nuclei Model

All 3 models help explain not only land use, but the different social characteristics of people living in areas of a city.

These models may be used along with census information.

Census tracts-division of urban land areas in the USA. ◦Approximately 5,000 people◦Correspond to neighborhood boundaries.

Summary

North American Cities follow this model. Created by Chauncy Harris-created the multiple nuclei

model. Strong desire for suburban living◦ Families with children◦Amenities◦More space, play and protection than city

Peripheral Model

Peripheral Model

Urban Realms ModelJames E Vance

Cities are made up of small “realms” which are self-sufficient urban areas with independent focal points.

This model does a good job at explaining suburban growth and how certain functions that are normally found in the CBD can be moved to the suburbs (such as shopping malls, hospitals, schools, etc.)

These functions diminish the importance of the CBD and instead create distant realms that accomplish approximately the same thing.

Urban Realms Model

Progressive spread of development over the landscape.

Greenbelts-rings of open space can fight urban development. London is an example.

Urban Sprawl

Development

Encourage spatial segregation. Prevents mixed land uses within the same district. This is a form of suburban segregation.◦Vertical segregation is replaced by territorial segregation.

◦ Legally requirements such as lot size, prohibition of apartments, prevent many low income families from living in the suburbs.

Zoning Ordinances

Urban redevelopment◦Revitalization of downtown areas

Gentrification-middle class people drawn to renovated areas.

◦ Expensive condos replacing low income housing.◦ Poor even further displaced.

New public housing with less population density.

Smart growth◦ Produce a pattern of controlled development.◦ Protect rural lands for agriculture, wildlife and recreation◦Urban growth areas designated by the local governments.

Planning for growth

Redlining- It describes the practice of making a red line on a map to delineate where banks would not invest; later the term was applied to discrimination against a particular group of people (usually by race or sex) no matter the geography.

Racial Steering- real estate agents guide prospective buyers towards or away from affluent areas.

Planning Problems

Ghettoization

Forced segregation, limits residential choices, ethnic or racial minorities may be confined to older, low-cost housing areas typically close to the city center.

Patterns of ghettoization have differed by region

Squatter settlement it is considered as a residential area in an urban locality inhabited by the very poor who have no access to tenured land of their own, and hence "squat" on vacant land, either private or public.

Squatter Settlement

Underclass-inner city residents who are trapped in an unending cycle of economic and social problems.◦ Lack of job skills◦Homeless◦ Poverty◦Crime◦Racial Segregation◦Annexation- legally adding land to the city

Inner City Social Problems

Sprawl-outlying areas farther out Loss of soil- farmland lost. USA 1 million acres/year Land use- less land more pavement Pollution- air, water and soil Waste- garbage, sewage Consumer habits- use more energy, food

Concerns for Urbanization

Transportation and InfrastructureCities and Urban Land Used

Refers to all the facilities that support basic economic activities to such a degree that a city cannot function without them.

Transportation impacts the demographic layout and function including:◦Motor vehicles

About ¼ of city land allocated to roads and parking lots.

◦ Public transportation Busses, rail, subway

Infrastructure

Public Transportation

How do worldwide cities compare to American cities?

Comparative Urbanization

European Cities◦Wealthy live close to town◦ Small yards if any, parks are popular◦Wealthy have weekend homes.◦ European suburbs are centers for crime, violence, drug dealing.◦ Suburb residents are often immigrants from Africa or Asia who

face discrimination or prejudice in larger society.

Comparative Urbanization

Latin American Cities◦ Faster growth today◦CBD main focus of business, employment and entertainment.◦ Socioeconomic levels and housing decrease in quality as

distance from the center city increases.◦Disamenity sector is a relatively stable slum area that radiates

from the central market to the outermost zone of periphery squatter settlements that consist of high density shantytowns.

Comparative Urbanization

Layout of Latin American City

SE Asian Cities◦Asia’s urban growth is explosive◦ Sectors and zones that radiate from a port zone. Many still

focus on exporting goods.

African Cities◦Northern Africa-Islamic influence, mosque in the center,

marketplace or bazaar. CBD, strong ethnic neighborhoods◦ Southern Africa-Western due to colonization by Europe.

Squatter settlements on the outskirts

Comparative Urbanization

Canadian City◦More centralized, less suburbanized. Wealthy live in SBD, less

deterioration of CBD’s

Eastern European City- less affluent than W. Europe due to Communist Urban Planning. Micro-districts- fewer roads, maximized living space.

Islamic City- mosques, open air markets, courtyards surrounded by walls

Comparative Urbanization