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Alexander AntonAttorney-at-LawGerman Dairy Association (MIV), Brusselsanton@milchindustrie.de
Trademarks,Trademarks,
Geographical IndicationsGeographical Indications
and Generics in cheesesand Generics in cheeses
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Background
German Dairy Industry:German Dairy Industry:
120 daries (coops and private companies)
with 38.000 employees
processing the milk of 112.000 dairy farms
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BackgroundCheese productionCheese productionCheese productionCheese production
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? %
< 0,5 %
20 %
55 %
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
EU 25 Germany France Italy
Background
PDO / PGIshare of cheese production
PDO / PGIshare of cheese production
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„Protection of geographical names is a key to promote quality products and
to increase transparency...Feta cheese should not be an
exception. Marketing cheese as Feta when it is not produced strictly
according to its product specifications is misleading to consumers.“
Franz Fischler • former EU Commissioner
„Protection of geographical names is a key to promote quality products and
to increase transparency...Feta cheese should not be an
exception. Marketing cheese as Feta when it is not produced strictly
according to its product specifications is misleading to consumers.“
Franz Fischler • former EU Commissioner
Imagine a world where you have to call parmesan
cheese „aged hard cheese“ or where Dijon
mustard would have to be marketed as „brown spicy
mustard.“C. Manly Mopus • President/
CEO of Grocery Manufacturers of America
Imagine a world where you have to call parmesan
cheese „aged hard cheese“ or where Dijon
mustard would have to be marketed as „brown spicy
mustard.“C. Manly Mopus • President/
CEO of Grocery Manufacturers of America
„We have no difficulty with protecting legitimate local names for cheeses such as Roquefort or Gorgonzola. But at the same
time we must also recognize that some names – such as Feta, Parmesan, Emmental and Cheddar – have long been recognized as
generic products by consumers around the world. The right to continue to produce and
market those cheeses must be equally protected.“
Craig Norgate • CEO of New Zealand‘s Fonterra Cooperative Group
„We have no difficulty with protecting legitimate local names for cheeses such as Roquefort or Gorgonzola. But at the same
time we must also recognize that some names – such as Feta, Parmesan, Emmental and Cheddar – have long been recognized as
generic products by consumers around the world. The right to continue to produce and
market those cheeses must be equally protected.“
Craig Norgate • CEO of New Zealand‘s Fonterra Cooperative Group
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International developments
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, 1883
Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods, 1891
Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration, 1958
Stresa Convention for the Use of Appellations of Origin and Denominations of Cheeses, 1951
WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 1994
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Stresa Convention 1951
Annex A protection of the origin
Annex B protection of characteristics
= generic names
“denominations of cheeses in Annex B shall not be transferred to Annex A …”
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Geographical Indication (Terminology)
A geographical indication is an indication which identifies a good as originating in the territory of a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical is essentially attributable to its geographical originorigin.
(TRIPS-Agreement)
Alexander Anton
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Council Regulation (EEC)No. 2081/92
Protected Designation of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)Origin (PDO)
Protected Geographical Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)Indication (PGI)
Product must beProduct must beproduced andprocessed andpreparedin geographical area
Product must beProduct must beproduced orprocessed orpreparedin geographical area
(Scope: limited to certain agricultural products for which a link a link between product or foodstuff characteristics and between product or foodstuff characteristics and geographical origin existsgeographical origin exists)
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42
31
20
19
12
11
6
4
4
2
1
1
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
France
Italy
Greece
Spain
Portugal
UK
Austria
Germany
Netherlands
Denmark
Belgium
Ireland
Sweden
PDO/PGI registration under Reg. (EEC) No. 2081/92 (cheeses)
total 154(2004)
total 154(2004)
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? %
< 0,5 %
20 %
55 %
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
EU 25 Germany France Italy
PDO / PGIshare of cheese production
PDO / PGIshare of cheese production
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German GI cheeses
Allgäuer Bergkäse
Allgäuer Emmentaler
Altenburger Ziegenkäse
OdenwälderFrühstückskäse
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Generic Cheeses
Emmental, Cheddar, Gouda, Edam,
Camembert, Brie, Provolone, Mozzarella...
Feta (C-465/02), Parmesan (C-132/05)
Emmental, Cheddar, Gouda, Edam,
Camembert, Brie, Provolone, Mozzarella...
Feta (C-465/02), Parmesan (C-132/05)
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Europanach Spalte B
1 bis 2 (24)
EU-25 ①① Parmesan 2008 ?Parmesan 2008 ?
②② Feta 2007 ?Feta 2007 ?
③③ Olmützer 2010 ?Olmützer 2010 ?
④④ Münster 2019 ?Münster 2019 ?
⑤⑤ Emmental ?Emmental ?
⑥⑥ Edam/Gouda ?Edam/Gouda ?
⑦⑦ EU-Commission EU-Commission ④④
⑤⑤
②②①①
③③
⑥⑥
⑦⑦
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Court Cases(European Court of Justice, Court of First Instance)
FetaFeta C-289/96 et. al. (1999)
C-465/02 & 466/02 et. al.
GorgonzolaGorgonzola C-87/97 (1999)
EmmentalEmmental C-448/98 (2000)
ParmesanParmesan T-197/96
C-66/00 (2002)
C-132/05
Grana PadanoGrana Padano C-469/00 (2003)
GranaGrana T-291/03
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Regulation (EEC) No. 2081/92
Generic namesGeneric names
Generic names may not be registered.
Generic name means the name of an agricultural product or foodstuff which, although it relates to the place or the region where this product or foodstuff was originally produced or marketed, has become the the common name common name of an agricultural product or a foodstuff.
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Regulation (EEC) No. 2081/92
List of generic namesList of generic names
In Reg. 2081/92 the Commission is askedto draw up and publish a non-exhaustive, indicative list of generic names before the entry into force of this regulation(July 24, 1993).
Codex Alimentarius Standard: generic names
Stresa Convention of 1951
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Convention/Reg.
Designation
Stresa (1951) Codexstandard Reg. (EEC) 2081/92
Gorgonzola Annex A -- PDO
Asiago Annex B -- PDO
Fiore Sardo Annex B -- PDO
Fontina Annex B -- PDO
Camembert/Brie Annex B C-33 / C-34 (1973) --
Emmental Annex B C-9 (1967) --
GruyèreAnnex B
C-10 (1967)(revocation 1997)
( ? )
DanabluAnnex B
C-2 (1966)(revocation 1997)
PGI (21.6.96)
Danbo Annex B C-3 (1966) --
Edam/Gouda Annex B C-4 / C-5 (1966) --
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Regulation (EEC) No. 2081/92
Statement by the Council and the Commission
„(We) stress that this Regulation is not
intended to prevent the continued marketing
of products legally sold within the
Community on June 30, 1992, so long as
they do not conflict with the criteria relating
to traditional fair practice and actual
likelihood for confusion.“
„(We) stress that this Regulation is not
intended to prevent the continued marketing
of products legally sold within the
Community on June 30, 1992, so long as
they do not conflict with the criteria relating
to traditional fair practice and actual
likelihood for confusion.“
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Trademark, GI and Generic
Logo Gruyere Switzerland.jpg
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bilateral agreements CH / ...(Emmental)
CH – D (1967) generic name
CH – TCH (1973) PDO
CH – F (1974) generic name
CH – SPAIN (1974) generic name
CH – POR (1977) PDO
CH – HUN (1979) PDO
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