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Alcohol’s Role in Violence with Partners Issues & interventions. Fairbanks Alaska November 16, 2009 Larry Bennett, PhD, LCSW larrywbennett@yahoo.com. There Is A Link. Over 50% of men in BIPs have SA issues 1 and are 8 times as likely to batter on a day in which they have been drinking 2 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Alcohol’s Role in Violence with Partners
Issues & interventions
Fairbanks Alaska
November 16, 2009
Larry Bennett, PhD, LCSW
larrywbennett@yahoo.com
2
There Is A Link . . . • Over 50% of men in BIPs have SA issues1 and are 8
times as likely to batter on a day in which they have been drinking2
• Half of partnered men entering SA treatment have battered in the past year3 and are 11 times as likely to batter on a day in which they have been drinking2
• Between a quarter and half of the women receiving services for DV have SA problems4
• Between 55 and 99 percent of women who have SA issues have been victimized at some point in their life5 and between 67 and 80 percent of women in SA treatment are DV victims6
3
There is a link . . . But What Is The Link?
• Most men not drinking or drugging when they batter 1
• Most (80%) heavy drinkers don’t batter 1
• The apparent correlation between SA and DV fits only a sub-group of people.2
When male-dominant attitudes are controlled, relationship between SA and DV lessens, suggesting both SA and attitudes toward gender are important in preventing DV 3
The DV (Y) and Alcohol (X) Relationship is Obvious . . .
. . . Or Not
6
• Human aggression is over-determined: there are “Many roads to Rome” Alcohol/drugs use (intoxication) is a road Alcohol/drug abuse/dependency is a road Male power/control motivation is a road Weak impulse control is a road etc. etc.
• None of these are usually the stand-alone causes of violence
• Impulsive violence may share paths in the brain with psychoactive substances, the orbito-frontal portion of the pre-frontal cortex 1
7
Modeling Inhibition & Distress* Learned Inhibition Against Violence* The Bar * All the things acting against your
using physical aggression
* Distress * All outside and inside pressures* An instigation, and its’ meaning to
you
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Modeling Domestic Violence
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Some Men are Non-Violent, No Matter What
Learned Inhibition--Severe Violence
Learned Inhibition Against Violence
Distress Distress
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Some Men Seem Violent, No Matter What
Learned Inhibition Learned Inhibition--
Against Violence Severe Violence
Distress Distress
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Alcohol (and Drugs) Reduces Aggression Thresholds
Learned Inhibition Learned Inhibition Against Minor Violence Against Severe
Violence
Distress Distress
12
Alcohol Reduces Aggression Thresholds
Learned Inhibition Learned Inhibition Against Minor Violence Against Severe
Violence
Distress Distress
13
More Alcohol Reduces Aggression Thresholds More
Learned Inhibition Learned Inhibition Against Minor Violence Against Severe
Violence
Distress Distress
14
Perspectives on the SADV (or DVSA) Relationship
• The previous slides illustrate a proximal model 1 or cognitive explanation of how alcohol (not drugs) may cause DV Sometimes called Disinhibition
• Proximal model doesn’t work in all (or even most) cases of SA, and neither does any other explanation
• After presenting a summary of data supporting a proximal model, I will present alternative ways of explaining SADV
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Substance Use and DV Victimization1 N=17,348 Cohabiting Adults Age 18+
DV Rate if DV Rate if # Users Used Past NOT
Used Per 1000 12 months 12 Months________ ________ ________
Alcohol 707 6.7 % 4.8 %
Marijuana/hashish 86 16.2 5.2Pain relievers 35 16.8 5.7
PCP 1 21.7 6.1Hallucinogens 14 21.7 5.9Inhalants 4 22.2 6.1Cocaine 19 22.4 5.8Tranquilizers 16 22.9 5.9Sedatives 3 25.6 5.1Methamphetamine 6 26.0 6.0
Heroin 1 35.0 6.1Crack 5 36.8 6.0
16
Proximal Effects
• Disinhibition
• Cognitive Disinhibition/Acute Effects Model
Alcohol/Drug Intoxication
Violence
Alcohol/Drug Intoxication
ChangedThinking
Violence
17
Proximal Effects
• Disinhibition
• Cognitive Disinhibition/Acute Effects Model
Alcohol/Drug Intoxication
Violence
ChangedThinking
Violence
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Disinhibition
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Laboratory Research Blood Alcohol Cognitive distortion
• Perceive. Aggression depends on drinker perceiving his target as aggressive
• Misperceive. Aggression more likely at high BAL--drinker more likely misperceives her behavior as aggressive, abandoning, or overwhelming
• Red-out. At high BAL, drinker is less likely to have empathy or mercy for his victim
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Disinhibition
21
The Proximal Model Suggests:• Alcohol & drugs (moderated by personality
orientation, beliefs about violence, and skills) increase the risk of violence
• Violence can be prevented by lowering cognitive distortion, raising inhibitions to violence, and in those for whom alcohol/drug acts in some way to increase aggression, reduce consumption (risk/harm reduction) or remove the alcohol/drug (abstinence)
• Problem: The effects of alcohol on aggression are not only due to its’ biochemical effects on the brain
22
Alternative Explanation #1Co-Morbidity/Co-Occurring
Situations• SADV linked to
Personality characteristics such as hostility 1
Co-occurring disorders such as antisocial personality disorder 2
Co-occurring situations such as social class 3
• More co-occurring disorders/situations greater likelihood of DV
• But Keep In Mind: Most poor men don’t batter Most men with antisocial personality disorder don’t
batter Most men with high levels of hostility don’t batter Most substance abusers don’t batter
23
Alternative Explanation #2: Men’s Need for Power
• Alcohol aggression relationship is conditional upon individual power needs 1
• Alcohol is an “instrument of intimate domination” 2
• Power motivation origins in early personal experiences, social interactions, class, or ethnicity
• The relationship between power and abuse is usually gendered and reinforced in culture
SAPower Needs
DV
24
Alternative Explanation #3:The Situation
• DV may occur during the process of obtaining and using substances, not from the substances per se Particularly relevant when illegal drugs are
involved 1
DV is more severe when drugs other than alcohol are involved,2 not due to the drug itself but due to the situation in which the drug is used and the lifestyle of the users 3
• Conflict over drinking cited in half DV episodes recalled by both perpetrator and victim 4
25
Alternative Explanation #4:Culturally-based Excuses
• In many cultures SA serves as time out from responsibility during which the user can engage in exceptional behavior and later disavow the behavior as caused by the substance rather than the self 1
“It wasn’t me (Baby, Judge, Doc, Officer); it was the alcohol.”
• U.S. courts no longer accept drunkenness as a reason for criminal behavior The reverse is true for victims, however; her
use of alcohol and drugs increases the degree criminal justice professionals believe she is responsible for her own victimization 2
26
Alternative Explanation #5:Expectancy
• Expectations for the effects of alcohol or drug use: sexier, stronger, social, aggressive 1
• Time out and cultural expectancy 2
• The balanced placebo experiment 3 • Male-specific?
27
The Controlling Effect of Drunkenness
• Robin Room: “Alcohol is an instrument of intimate domination” 1
• Drunkenness serves to control partner behavior by increasing unpredictability, and therefore, fear Frequency of drunkenness almost quadruples the
likelihood of victim fear, even after controlling for the amount alcohol used, class, race, marital status, and levels of prior abuse 2
Summary: Batterers
• The way that A/D use and abuse increases the risk for DV is complex and different for every person and sometimes different for each event
• Removing the substance (abstinence) is likely to reduce DV in only a minority of cases
28
Practice Issues
30
The Issues• If a man (or woman) is arrested for DV, or seeks
help as a victim of DV, whose job is it to detect substance abuse? Under what policy? In what way?
• If substance abuse by a batterer or victim is detected, what happens next, and who decides? What is the policy?
• If a man or woman is arrested for alcohol or drugs, or is in treatment for alcohol or drugs, whose job is it to detect DV? Under what policy? In what way?
• If DV is detected, what happens next, and who decides?
• Most importantly: Assuming all the necessary services/sanctions/treatment are not provided by the same entity, how do multiple entities work to support victim safety and substance abuse recovery?
31
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat5.chapter.46712
TIP 25
SubstanceAbuse andMental Health Services Administration
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www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=38441
Manual of the IllinoisDomestic Violence/Substance Abuse Interdisciplinary Task Force (2nd Edition, 185 pp.)
Resource Manual
Getting Safe and Sober: Real Tools You Can Use A Teaching Kit For Use With Women Who Are Coping with Substance Abuse, Interpersonal Violence and Trauma (Available in English and Spanish)
This project was supported by the Office of Women’s Health Region X Grant # HHSP233200400566P and by Grant #’s 2003-MU-BX-0029, 2004-MU-AX-0029 awarded by the Office on Violence Against Women, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, conclusions and recommendations expressed here are those of the presenters and authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women or the Office of Women’s Health. Principal Authors : Patricia J. Bland , M.A. CCDC CDP and Debi Edmund, M.A. L.P.C.
For more information contact:Alaska Network on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault
907-586-3650 www.andvsa.org
34
www.ispia.org/index.php
IowaIntegratedServicesProject
35www.prainc.com/wcdvs/pdfs/CreatingTraumaServices.pdf
Trauma-informed Services for Women With Co-occurringSubstance Use/ Mental Health Disorders and Victims of Violence(SAMHSA)
Serial, Integrated, and Coordinated Interventions
47
Serial Interventions
Substance Abuse Tx
DVProgram
Assessment
48
Problems with Serial Interventions for Offenders
• Offender rarely shows up at second service
• Offender is acculturated in the primary problem
• Only works with a high level of case management, highly trained staff at primary service, and assertive P.O.s
• Current best practice: NO SERIAL INTERVENTIONS EXCEPT DETOX
Problems with Serial Interventions for Victims
• Reinforces DV staff failure to recognize addiction as a brain disease Do we turn away diabetics who use insulin? Obese
women who over-eat? What’s the difference?
• SA victim usually involved with SA perp• Refusal to engage SA victim decreases her
opportunity for sobriety and increases her opportunity for injury
• DV program refusal does not increase the chances she will enter SA treatment
49
50
Integrated Services
Theoretically Integrated: Program built on common foundation (eg: Power Model, DBT,
Trauma Theory)
DV
Agency Integrated: Distinct Programs & Staff(eg: mental health agency with both AOD and BIP)
SA
Agency & Staff Integrated: Distinct Programs(eg: substance abuse agency with
in-house BIP)
SA
DV
SADV
51
Issues for Integrated Services
• Accountability & standards• Reduction to the common
denominator (Usually substance abuse)
• Finding and paying properly trained staff
52
Coordinated Services
SA Tx DV Agency
Case Coordination Model
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Issues with Coordinated Services for Offenders
• Confidentiality, sharing information (e.g. HIPPA)
• Cost, compared to integrated programs• Time commitment for intensive
treatments• Cognitive impairment in early recovery
may interfere
Integrated and Coordinated Community Based Programs for
Batterers
55
Not Much Yet
• Integrated and coordinated services for batterers not as well developed as services for victims
• Substance abuse treatment agencies have taken the lead (often for the wrong reason: $)
56
Good Ideas (Maybe) But Risky Business for Batterers
• Self help • Couples counseling• Anger management• Anything with “Compassion” or
“Forgiveness” in title • Men’s growth groups• Psychotherapy• Pastoral/faith-based programs• Confrontational approaches
57
Predicting Re-assault After BIP1
• Predicting re-assault at intake History of severe partner abuse History of non-DV arrest Severe mental disorder
• Predicting re-assault during the program
Women’s feeling of safety Drunkenness
• Almost all re-assaulters “get away with it”
58
Program Recommendations
• Existing programs adequate w/ changes
• Rapid (pre-trial?) intake to program• Ongoing monitoring of substance use,
emotional/psychiatric problems, re-offense
• Intensive (2-3x/week) intervention for prior/severe offenders for first month
• Victim support
59
System Recommendations
• Periodic court review (DV Court)• Assertive case management & risk
review• Support & safety planning with female
partners• Coordinated Community Response• “Swift and certain” response to re-
assault, dropout, and non-compliance
60
Some Integration Attempts
• Dade County FL 1
Integrated Domestic Violence Model Duluth-based
• Yale 2
Substance Abuse Treatment Unit’s Substance Abuse–Domestic Violence
10-session CBT model• U. Maryland MET Clinical Trial 3
• ADA/Dawn Farm (Michigan) 4
Accountability/Recovery model • Behavioral Couples Therapy (Harvard) 5
No discussion of domestic violence at all
THANK YOU!
61
Substance Abuse by Victims & Survivors
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Trauma
• Strong relationship between the amount of childhood trauma and adult SA Women significantly more likely than men to
initiate substance abuse to reduce the effects of trauma 1
• No evidence that SA causal in women’s victimization by partners, but substance abuse and dependency plays a substantial role keeping women unsafe by: Impairing her ability to leave her batterer Reducing her ability to protect herself and her
children If illegal drugs, putting her in more harm’s way 2
64
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)Are Common among Normal People 1
Substance abuse 27%Parental sep/divorce 23Mental illness 17Battered mother 13Criminal behavior 6
Household dysfunction:
Abuse: Psychological 11% Physical 28 Sexual 21
Neglect: Emotional 15% Physical 10
65
Harm Facing Battered Women Using Drugs 1
• Effects of SA prevent her from accurately assessing the level of danger posed by her perpetrator
• Erroneously believes she can defend herself against physical assaults
• Impairs cognition making safety planning more difficult
• Reluctant to seek assistance or contact police for fear of arrest, deportation or referral to a child protection agency
• Compulsive use/withdrawal symptoms make it difficult for SA victims to access shelter, advocacy, or other forms of help
• A recovering woman may find the stress of securing safety leads to relapse
• If she is using or has used in the past, she may not be believed
66
Explaining Co-Occurrence in Victims: The Trauma Cycle
Substance abuse may increase the risk of victimization through numerous paths (vulnerability hypothesis)
Impairing judgement Increasing financial dependency Exposing women to violent men who also abuse substances Separation violence Response to retaliation
Women’s risk for alcohol and drug abuse is increased by victimization (self-medication hypothesis)
Cyclic relationship: AoDIPVAoD . . . and so on
Integrated and Coordinated Community Based Programs for
Women
68
Coodination/Integration Recommendations of the Women’s Co-Occurring
Disorders and Violence Study (WCDVS) 1
1. Coordinating bodies required for information exchange, coordinating service, needs assessment, and reducing service barriers;
69
WCDVS (cont’d)
2. Cross-training or co-training staff, which needs to be ongoing due to frequent staff turnover;
3. Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) to permit agencies to share information, facilitate referrals, and coordinate services;
70
WCDVS (cont’d)
4. Policy Work aimed at education of officials;5. Co-location of services, including IPV
agencies providing groups at SA agencies or SA staff doing assessments at IPV agencies;
6. Central Intake to allow an individual to complete one application for services at different agencies – one-stop shopping
7. Integrating consumers, survivors, and recovering (C/S/R) women into every level of the process while avoiding hierarchies with professionals
71
Characteristics of Trauma-informed Care 1
• Providers stop asking What’s wrong with you? and start asking What happened to you?
Focus on wellness rather than sickness
• Understand that trauma can be re-triggered/aggravated by the services provided and by the setting
• Committed to supporting the healing process while ensuring no more harm is done
72
Organizational Shifts are Needed• Organizational shift from a
traditional “top-down” environment to one that is based on collaboration with consumers and survivors
• Non-hierarchal programs led by the consumer or survivor, and supported by the service provider/professional
Avoid Revictimizing
• People do not choose to develop substance use disorders any more than they pick out batterers
• Think before speaking...how would you like to be spoken to?• Remember to offer respect, not
rescue; options, not orders, safe treatment rather than re-victimization
Validate• You did not deserve this and neither do
your children• I’m so glad you found a way to survive.
Drinking or drugging can kill pain for a while but there are safer ways of coping that can cause you less grief
• You deserve a lot of credit for finding the strength to talk about this
• Addressing the drinking/DV may help you get safer/sober; your health and safety can improve your children’s safety and well-being, too
THANK YOU!
75
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