Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental Sciences

Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey USA

robock@envsci.rutgers.edu

http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~robock

Climate Dynamics11:670:461

Lecture 6, 9/22/14

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Global warming seen

in multiple data sets

Fig. TS.1

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Glaciers, Antarctica, and

Greenland are all melting and

contributing to sea level rise.

SLE = sea level equivalent

IPCC AR5 WGIFig. TS.3

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Mann et al.

(1999)

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Figure 19: Northern Hemisphere reconstructed temperature change since 200 AD

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFrom IPCC AR4 Technical Summary

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 4.1

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 4.2

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 4.3

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 4.4

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 4.5

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 4.6

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

A = p r2

r

A = 4p r2

Greenhouse Effect

Ts

Emission = sTe

4

S0 = 1368 W m-

2

a

a = planetary albedo (0.30)

Sun

Earth

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Global Energy Balance

Incoming Energy = Outgoing Energy

pr2 S0 (1-a) = 4pr2 sTe4

r = radius of Earth S0 = solar constant (1368 W/m2)a = planetary albedo (0.30)s = Stefan-Boltzmann constant

(5.67 x 108 W m-2 K-4)Te = effective temperature of the EarthTs = observed global average surface temperature

Greenhouse Effect

Ts = 288 KTe = 255 K

33 K (33C° = 59F°)

Greenhouse

Effect

K 255 14S

T 4 0e α

σ

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

S0 = “solar constant” = 1368 W/m2

a = planetary albedo = 0.30Te = effective temperature

Ts = surface temperature

)(14S0

Greenhouse gases

Greenhouse Effect

sTs4

sTe4

Ts = 288K = 15°C (Observed)

Sensible and latent heat

sTe4

Ts = Te = 255K = -18°C

)(14S0

esTe4

Greenhouse Effect

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Robock (1983)

SMEOSIRIS

SAGE II, III