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AJ FosterSoils 4213
Spring 2011
1AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University
OutlineIntroductionDefinition of Precision AgPrecision Ag in Jamaica (Present)Precision Ag in Jamaica (Future)Modern Information and TechnologyExampleConclusions
AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University 2
“ Mining has virtually maximized its growth, tourism has virtually maximized the availability of beaches which can be developed,
manufacturing has contracted from a contribution of 19 per cent of GDP some 40 years ago to seven per cent today, and
agriculture remains underdeveloped" Former Prime Minister Edward Seaga
“The apple cannot be stuck back on the Tree of Knowledge ; once we begin to see, we are doomed and challenged to seek the strength
to see more, not less.”
Arthur Miller
3AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University
Jamaica Population – 2.6 mil. Size – 4200 sq miles
(~1/18 size of Oklahoma)
Climate- tropical/interior temperate
Fastest people per capita
AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University 4
Precision AgAdjusting and fine-tuning land and crop
management practices to the needs of plants within a heterogeneous environment to maximize use of inputs and productivity by using modern information and technology.
5AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University
Precision Ag in Jamaica (Present)
Soil analysis Cost
Ph (H2O, KCl) J$150 (US$ 1.80)
Total N J$250 (US$ 2.95)
CEC J$250 (US$ 2.95)
Ca, Mg, Na, K J$200 (US$ 2.40) ea.
Avail. Phosphate (P2O5)
J$200 (US$ 2.40)
Avail. Potash (K2O) J$200 (US$ 2.40)
Texture (hydrometer & sieve method)
J$300 (US$3.50)
Soil testing by the Laboratory may take 3 to 6 weeks. This is dependent on the workload as well as the availability of chemicals to do specific analyses.
6AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University
Field Efficiency Minimal Tillage
AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University 7
Precision Ag in Jamaica (Future) Modern information and technology
Guide on-the farm management decision Farmers view on sustainability
What to grow? How much to grow? How much to fertilize? When to apply herbicide, insecticide, tillage etc.
To anticipate behavior in field in advance Predictive models
8AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University
Technology For EveryoneGreenseeker
Education Cost (J$350,000-US$4000)
Pocket Sensor Education Cost (J$25,000 –US$300)
Digital camera Education Cost (J$850- US$10)
Mobile Device Education Cost (J$5000 –US$60)
9AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University
An example of how modern information and technology could be used in Jamaica to
make N recommendation.
AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University 10
N rate from Digital Photograph
11AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University
What is a Digital Photograph? Matrix of cells (pixels) arranged into
rows and columns.
Each cell contain a value that
represent information.
Three Bands Red Green Blue (RGB)
12AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University
Digital Photograph Properties
13AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University
Spectral Response to N NDVI=
NIR – Red
NIR + Red
14AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University
N rate using a Digital PhotographDigital photographs and
Greenseeker (NDVI from plots with varied NPK lb/ac rate
Process photographs Image J ArcGIS
Compute indices NGRDI VARI
Regression
AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University 15
Normalized Green-Red Difference Index (NGRDI) NGRDI = (GreenDN-RedDN)/(GreenDN + Red DN)
Ranges from -1 to +1
Mathematically related to other indices E.g. NDVI = (NIR - Red)/(NIR + Red)
Significant positive correlation with N concentration in late stage of corn development (Hunt et al.,2005)
NGRDI linearly related to NDVI for wheat
AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University 16
Visible Atmospheric Resistant Index (VARI) VARI = (GreenDN-RedDN)/(GreenDN + Red DN -
BlueDN)
Ranges from -1 to +1
Mathematically related to other indices E.g. NDVI = (NIR - Red)/(NIR + Red)
Linearly relationship (r 2 =0.96) with green vegetation fraction in corn ( Vina et al., 2004)
Detect onset of senescence earlier than NDVI (Vina et al.,2004)
VARI linearly related to NDVI for wheat
AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University 17
ConclusionsDigital photographs may be used to develop indices for making N
recommendations that are similar to that of the greenseeker.
The potential for using digital photograph to predict crop yield and make N recommendation is a feasibly option worth pursuing.
Long-term studies are needed to establish a good relationship between Indices computed from digital photograph and greenseeker NDVI readings for different crops.
Technologies such as greenseeker, pocket sensor, digital camera and mobile devices offer great potential for balancing production with environmental threshold in Jamaica
18AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University
QuestionsWhat types of precision ag practice are
currently used in Jamaica?Answer
1. Soil testing 2. Minimal tillage in sugarcane
(True or False) Digital camera as a sensor can never be used for making N recommendation?
AnswerFALSE
AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University 19
Acknowledgement Dr Brian ArnallDr Bill Raun Dr Gopal Kakani Raghu Veer SripathiNana Thompson
AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University
AJ Foster, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University 21
“Don’t be seduced into thinking that that which does not make a profit is without value” – Arthur Miller
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