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1
Temperatures
SI engines
exhaust gas temp 400 – 600 oC average
300 – 400 oC at idle and 900 oC at max power
when exhaust valve opens, in cylinder gas temperature is 200 – 300 oC more
CI engines
200 – 500 oC average
cooling occurs due to larger expansion in Diesel engines
2
Pollutant Formation
IC – engine exhaust gases contain oxides of nitrogen (NO and some amounts of NO2 – collectively known as NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC).
Soot and PM in Diesel engines.
The amounts depend on engine design and operating conditions.
These pollutants are measured as concentrations;
CO, CO2, O2 as vol. [%]
NO, NO2, NOx as [ppm] (parts per million)
HC as [ppm] or [ppm C]
eg 1 ppm propan, C3H8
3 ppm C
3
4
Control of Pollutant Emissions
Combustion related applications :
EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation)
Water and alcohol injection
Exhaust gas treatment :
Thermal reactors
Catalytic converters
Traps and filters
5
6
EGR system
Turbocharger with EGR system
turbocharged engines200026-0
6
EGR cooler
EGR
valve
Air
filter
Intake manifold
Air
/ A
ir In
terc
oo
ler
Engine
Exhaust manifold
Particulate
trap
NOx sensorp sensor
7
EGR control
8
Exhaust Gas Treatment
Thermal reactors
Require high temperatures,
oxygen availability,
sufficient time for reactions.
Used for oxidation of CO and HC
• Rich mixture + O2 supplement : CO oxidation in exhaust system increases T, but fuel consumption also increases.
• Lean mixture + late ignition : high exhaust temperatures, but loss in power output
Exhaust Gas Treatment
Catalytic converters
Oxidizing catalysts for HC and CO
Reducing catalysts for NOx
Three-way catalysys for all three pollutants
9
Catalytic Converters
Catalytic Converters
10
Catalytic Converters
Catalytic Converters
11
Exhaust Gas Treatment
CmHn + [m+n/4] O2 m CO2 + n/2 H2O (1)
CO + ½ O2 CO2 (2)
H2 + ½ O2 H2O (3)
CO + NO ½ N2 + CO2 (4)
CmHn + 2 [m+n/4] NO [m+n/4] N2 + n/2 H2O + m CO2 (5)
H2 + NO ½ N2 + H2O (6)
SO2 + ½ O2 SO3 (7)
5/2 H2 + NO NH3 + H2O (8)
SO2 + 3 H2 H2S + 2 H2O (9)
NH3 + CH4 HCN + 3 H2 (10)
CO + H2O CO2 + H2 (11)
CHn + 2 H2O CO2 + [2+n/2] H2 (12)
Exhaust Gas Treatment
CO + ½ O2 CO2 (2)
CO + NO ½ N2 + CO2 (4)
In lean mixtures reaction (2) is dominant – O2 is present
CO is reduced by oxidation and insufficient CO for the relatively slow reaction(4).
CO + H2O CO2 + H2 (11)
CHn + 2 H2O CO2 + [2+n/2] H2 (12)
In rich mixtures reactions (11) and (12) have to be faster.
12
Exhaust Gas Treatment
Emission Regulations
13
Emission Regulations
14
Emission Regulations
Emission Regulations
15
Emission Regulations
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1 57 113 169 225 281 337 393 449 505 561 617 673 729 785 841 897 953 1009 1065 1121 1177
hız
( k
m/h
)
zaman (s)
NEDC
Çevrim Uzunluğu: 11,007 kmÇevrim Süresi: 1180 s
Ortalama Hız: 33,6 km/h Azami Hız: 120 km/h
EU test cycle
Emission Regulations
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 116 231 346 461 576 691 806 921 1036 1151 1266 1381 1496 1611 1726 1841 1956 2071 2186 2301 2416
hız
( k
m/h
)
zaman (s)
FTP-75
US FTP 75 cycle
Çevrim Uzunluğu: 17,87 kmÇevrim Süresi: 1877 + 600 sOrtalama Hız: 34,1 km/h Azami Hız: 91,2 km/h
16
17
Istanbul Driving Cycle
Istanbul Driving Cycle
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Zaman [s]
Hız
[k
m/h
]
Distance covered: 8.61 kmDuration: 1003 sAverage speed: 30.9 km/h Max speed: 78.0 km/h
18
Emission Regulations
Taşıt Parkı Dağılımı - Otomobiller
EKB(*) 2.098.206
R15.04 973.940
EURO1 114.889
EURO3 541.861
EURO4 153.192
Toplam 3.882.088
Türkiye geneli, Benzin-motorlu Otomobiller (2007)
(*) Emisyon Kontrol donanımı Bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi
19
Test Edilen Araçlar
EKB 10
R15.04 9
EURO1 3
EURO3 5
EURO4 3
Toplam 30
Test edilen Benzin-motorlu Otomobiller
Test Edilen AraçlarTaşıt No
Marka Model Motor Hacmi (cc)
Model Yılı Emisyon Standartı
Kütlesi Vites Tipi Menzil (km)
1 VW Bora 1600cc 2004 EURO 4 1215 düz 56.625
2 Tofaş Murat 1300cc 1979 EKB 935 düz 58.030
3 Mazda 3.23 1600cc 2003 EURO 3 1095 düz 40.195
4 Renault Clio 1400cc 2007 EURO 4 1130 düz 17.277
5 Toyota Corolla 1600cc 1996 15.04 1000 düz 252.492
6 Nissan Micra 1300cc 1997 15.04 825 düz 126.276
7 Ford Focus 1600cc 2008 EURO 4 1150 düz 8.200
8 Mazda 3.23 1840cc 1998 EURO 1 1090 düz 100.000
9 BMW 316 i 1600cc 1990 EKB 1065 düz 182.138
10 Tofaş Kartal S 1600cc 1996 15.04 1100 düz 140.590
11 VW Polo 1600cc 1998 EURO 3 920 düz 128.142
12 Tofaş Şahin 1600cc 1990 EKB 1010 düz 50.202
13 Renault Broadway 1400 cc 1989 EKB 880 düz 64.176
14 Opel Corsa GSI 1600cc 1997 EURO 3 960 düz 138.497
15 Citroen Xsara 1600cc 2000 EURO 3 1078 düz 93.895
16 Mitsubishi Carisma 1600cc 1999 EURO 1 1175 düz 92.500
17 Honda Civic 1400cc 1997 15.04 970 düz 36.932
18 Lada Vega 1500cc 2000 EURO 1 1020 düz 115.280
20
Test Edilen Araçlar
Taşıt No
Marka Model Motor Hacmi (cc)
Model Yılı Emisyon Standartı
Kütlesi Vites Tipi Menzil (km)
19 Tofaş Şahin 131 1600cc 1992 EKB 945 düz 88.426
20 Tofaş Doğan 1600cc 1987 EKB 1050 düz 78.759
21 BMW 3.20 2000cc 1991 EKB 1270 düz 260.400
22 Tofaş Serçe 1300cc 1990 EKB 900 düz 99.500
23 Hyundai Elantra 1800cc 1998 15.04 1170 otomatik 291.900
24 Fiat Palio 1400cc 2000 15.04 945 düz 49.500
25 Hyundai Elantra 1800cc 1996 15.04 1140 düz 191.900
26 Honda Civic A 1600cc 2002 EURO 3 1119 otomatik 112.880
27 Renault 12 SW 1400 cc 1979 EKB 950 düz 45.230
28 VW Beetle 1272cc 1984 EKB 900 düz 99.000
29 Toyota Corolla 1600cc 1998 15.04 1060 düz 176.445
30 Nissan Infiniti 3000cc 1996 15.04 1437 düz 89.900
CO Emisyonları
AB test çevrimi
21
CO Emisyonları
ABD FTP 75 çevrimi
Kümülatif CO Emisyonları
22
Intake valve
23
CO Emisyonları
FTP AB IDC (**) IPCC
CO [g-CO/km]
EKB(*) 16,50 17,77 36,47 46
R15.04 9,31 10,24 13,91 19
EURO1 2,36 3,39 7,07 2,9
EURO3 2,63 3,74 5,88 2,9
EURO4 0,43 0,52 1,37 -
(*) Emisyon kontrol donanımı bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi
(**) Istanbul Driving Cycle (İstanbul Şehir Çevrimi)
HC Emisyonları
AB test çevrimi
24
HC Emisyonları
ABD FTP 75 çevrimi
Kümülatif HC Emisyonları
25
26
27
28
HC Emisyonları
FTP AB IDC (**)
HC [g-HC/km]
EKB(*) 2,99 2,19 4,14
R15.04 1,40 1,13 1,53
EURO1 0,60 0,65 0,92
EURO3 0,54 0,52 0,72
EURO4 0,05 0,05 0,16
(*) Emisyon kontrol donanımı bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi
(**) Istanbul Driving Cycle (İstanbul Şehir Çevrimi)
29
NOx Emisyonları
AB test çevrimi
NOx Emisyonları
ABD FTP 75 çevrimi
30
Kümülatif NOx Emisyonları
NOx Emisyonları
FTP AB IDC (**) IPCC
NOx [g-NOx/km]
EKB(*) 1,15 1,33 0,85 2,2
R15.04 1,06 1,16 1,02 2,3
EURO1 0,59 0,72 0,66 0,5
EURO3 0,30 0,40 0,37 0,5
EURO4 0,03 0,05 0,08
(*) Emisyon kontrol donanımı bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi
(**) Istanbul Driving Cycle (İstanbul Şehir Çevrimi)
31
Yakıt Tüketimi ve Emisyonlar
FTP AB IDC (**) IPCC
CO2[g/km]
Yakıt[l /100km]
CO2[g/km]
Yakıt[l /100km]
CO2[g/km]
Yakıt[l /100km]
CO2[g/km]
EKB(*) 149,5 7,9 169,1 8,6 157,4 9,6 270
R15.04 139,2 6,8 166,1 7,8 165,9 8,1 200
EURO1 134,8 6,0 169,5 7,5 170,2 7,8 205
EURO3 133,3 5,9 155,4 6,9 159,6 7,2 205
EURO4 144,9 6,2 153,6 6,5 164,7 7,1 205
(*) Emisyon kontrol donanımı bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi
(**) Istanbul Driving Cycle (İstanbul Şehir Çevrimi)
32
Motor Dinamometresi
33
R49 13 mode steady state Diesel test cycle
ESC cycle - 13 mode steady state
Replaced R49 in 2000
The engine speeds are defined as follows:
The high speed nhi is determined by calculating
70% of the declared maximum net power.
The highest engine speed where this power value
occurs (i.e. above the rated speed) on the
power curve is defined as nhi.
The low speed nlo is determined by calculating 50%
of the declared maximum net power.
The lowest engine speed where this power value
occurs (i.e. below the rated speed) on the
power curve is defined as nlo.
The engine speeds A, B, and C to be used during the
test are then calculated from the following
formulas:
A = nlo + 0.25(nhi - nlo)
B = nlo + 0.50(nhi - nlo)
C = nlo + 0.75(nhi - nlo)
34
ETC transient cycle
Vehicle speed – FIGE cycle
Engine speed Engine torque
Dizel motorları
Light off temperature - %50 dönüşüm veriminin
sağlandığı sıcaklık
Catalyst window – sıcaklık artşı ile dönüşüm
verimi düşüşü , örneğin SCR
35
36
Vehicle CategoriesCatego
ryDescription
M Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers.
M1 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat
M2 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat, and having a maximum mass (“technically permissible maximum laden mass”) not exceeding 5 tons
M3 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat, and having a maximum mass exceeding 5 tons
N Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of goods.
N1 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 tons
N2 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 3.5 tons but not exceeding 12 tons
N3 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 12 tons
O Trailers (including semi-trailers)
G* Off-Road Vehicles
* Symbol G shall be combined with either symbol M or N. For example, a vehicle of category N1 which is suited for off-road use shall be designated as N1G.
37
Emission Standards
Table 1EU Emission Standards for Passenger Cars (Category M1*), g/km
Tier Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
Compression Ignition (Diesel)
Euro 1† 1992.07 2.72 (3.16) - 0.97 (1.13) - 0.14 (0.18)
Euro 2, IDI 1996.01 1.0 - 0.7 - 0.08
Euro 2, DI 1996.01a 1.0 - 0.9 - 0.10
Euro 3 2000.01 0.64 - 0.56 0.50 0.05
Euro 4 2005.01 0.50 - 0.30 0.25 0.025
Euro 5 2009.09b 0.50 - 0.23 0.18 0.005e
Euro 6 2014.09 0.50 - 0.17 0.08 0.005e
Positive Ignition (Gasoline)
Euro 1† 1992.07 2.72 (3.16) - 0.97 (1.13) - -
Euro 2 1996.01 2.2 - 0.5 - -
Euro 3 2000.01 2.30 0.20 - 0.15 -
Euro 4 2005.01 1.0 0.10 - 0.08 -
Euro 5 2009.09b 1.0 0.10c - 0.06 0.005d,e
Euro 6 2014.09 1.0 0.10c - 0.06 0.005d,e
* At the Euro 1..4 stages, passenger vehicles > 2,500 kg were type approved as Category N1 vehicles† Values in brackets are conformity of production (COP) limitsa - until 1999.09.30 (after that date DI engines must meet the IDI limits)b - 2011.01 for all modelsc - and NMHC = 0.068 g/kmd - applicable only to vehicles using DI enginese - 0.0045 g/km using the PMP measurement procedure
Category† Tier Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
Compression Ignition (Diesel)
N1, Class I≤1305 kg
Euro 1 1994.10 2.72 - 0.97 - 0.14
Euro 2, IDI 1998.01 1.0 - 0.70 - 0.08
Euro 2, DI 1998.01a 1.0 - 0.90 - 0.10
Euro 3 2000.01 0.64 - 0.56 0.50 0.05
Euro 4 2005.01 0.50 - 0.30 0.25 0.025
Euro 5 2009.09b 0.50 - 0.23 0.18 0.005e
Euro 6 2014.09 0.50 - 0.17 0.08 0.005e
N1, Class II1305-1760 kg
Euro 1 1994.10 5.17 - 1.40 - 0.19
Euro 2, IDI 1998.01 1.25 - 1.0 - 0.12
Euro 2, DI 1998.01a 1.25 - 1.30 - 0.14
Euro 3 2001.01 0.80 - 0.72 0.65 0.07
Euro 4 2006.01 0.63 - 0.39 0.33 0.04
Euro 5 2010.09c 0.63 - 0.295 0.235 0.005e
Euro 6 2015.09 0.63 - 0.195 0.105 0.005e
N1, Class III>1760 kg
Euro 1 1994.10 6.90 - 1.70 - 0.25
Euro 2, IDI 1998.01 1.5 - 1.20 - 0.17
Euro 2, DI 1998.01a 1.5 - 1.60 - 0.20
Euro 3 2001.01 0.95 - 0.86 0.78 0.10
Euro 4 2006.01 0.74 - 0.46 0.39 0.06
Euro 5 2010.09c 0.74 - 0.350 0.280 0.005e
Euro 6 2015.09 0.74 - 0.215 0.125 0.005e
N2 Euro 5 2010.09c 0.74 - 0.350 0.280 0.005e
Euro 6 2015.09 0.74 - 0.215 0.125 0.005e
38
Basic configuration of vehicle testing equipment
39
Constant Volume Sampling (CVS)
40
Exhaust Gas Treatment
41
Air-to-fuel Ratio and Exhaust Gas Composition
42
Coriolis Flow Meter
43
PM Emisyonları Ölçümü – Seyreltme Tüneli
44
Particulate Matter (PM)
Smoke measurement by Opacimeter
45
Particulate Matter (PM)
Smoke measurement by Light Reflection
46
47
ALEV İYONİZAYON DETEKTÖRÜ
FID (Flame ionization detector)
H2 – O2 difüzyon alevinden oluşmakta
İyonlardan arınmış karışıma eklenen HC miktarına
bağlı olarak iyon akısı artmakta
Sisteme eklenen HC’lar sonucu pozitif iyonlar kolektöre
negatif iyonlar aleve doğru yönelmekte
iyonizasyon akımı oluşmakta
parafinik – olefinik – aromatik HC’lar
sırası ile etki azalmakta
48
Kimyasal Işın Ölçümü
NO ile ozon reaksiyonu sonucu oluşan NO2’nin uyarılmış
duruma dönüştürülmesi sırasında açığa çıkan foton enerjisi
ölçümü ile NOx belirlenmesi
Monitor for Following the Test Cycle
49
Robot driver mounted in a vehicle
Tailpipe Emissions
CO2 is stable about 13%
H2O inc as turns into vapor state
During deceleration, fuel is cut-off and CO2 isreduced
50
Evaporative Emissions
SHED Tests
51
130 g/km @ 2015
95 g/km @ 2021
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