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Air Quality Impacts from Prescribed Burning. Karsten Baumann, Sangil Lee, Mei Zheng, Venus Dookwah, Michael Chang, and Ted Russell. Funded in part by DoD/EPA/State P2 Partnership Small Grants Program. The Conflict. Clean Air Act. Endangered Species Act. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Air Quality Impacts from Prescribed Burning
Karsten Baumann,
Sangil Lee, Mei Zheng,
Venus Dookwah,
Michael Chang, and
Ted Russell
Funded in part by DoD/EPA/State P2 Partnership Small Grants Program
Clean Air Act
EndangeredSpecies Act
The Conflict
Issues on Local to Global ScalesIn the continental U.S. prescribed burns and forest fires contribute ~37 % to the
total direct fine PM emissions of ~1 Mio t per year*
* Nizich et al., EPA Report 454/R-00-002 (NTIS PB2000-108054), RTP, NC, 2000
Effects on• Health
• Visibility• Air Quality
• Climate
Do prescribed burns reduce the risk
of wild fires?
To what extent does prescribed burning impact local and regional air quality?
VOCs
PMNOx
O3, SOA
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA):Organic compounds, some highly oxygenated, residing in the
aerosol phase as a function of atmospheric reactions that occur in either gas or particle phases.
SOA formation mainly depends on:Emissions & forming potential of precursors
aromatics (BTX, aldehydes, carbonyls)terpenes (mono-, sesqui-)other biogenics (aldehydes, alcohols)
Presence of other initiating reactantsO3, OH, NO3, sunlight, acid catalysts
Mechanisms (with half hr to few hr yields):Gas-to-particle conversion/partitioning
e.g. terpene oxidationHeterogeneous reactions
aldehydes via hydration and polymerization, forming hemiacetal/acetal in presence of alcohols
Particle-phase reactionsacetal formation catalytically accelerated by particle sulfuric
acid (Jang and Kamens, ES&T, 2001)
Mas
s Em
issi
on R
ate
(g/k
g of
bio
mas
s bur
ned)
0123456789
101112131415
Carbonyls Cyclic compounds Branched Alkanes n-Alkynes Aromatics n-Alkanes n-Alkenes
Pinu
s tae
da
Tsug
a hete
roph
ylla
Pinu
s pon
dero
sa
MHFF
FPSP
WGLP
Biomass Litter CompositesMHFF… mixed hardwood (oak) forest foliageFPSP… Florida palmetto & slash pineWGLP… wiregrass & longleaf pine
BUT also Primary PM Emissions from Foliar Fuel CombustionHays, Geron et al., ES&T 36, 2281-2295, 2002
Other OrganicCarbon{SOA}30%
WoodCombustion
39%
MeatCooking
6%
VegetativeDetritus
2%
GasolineExhaust
3%
Diesel Exhaust 20%
Source Contributions to Organic Carbon (OC)in Ambient PM2.5
Pensacola, FL October 1999Measured average [PM2.5] = 16.6 g m-3
[OC] = 4.6 g m-3
Zheng et al., ES&T 2002
FAQS Observations: Regional Problem of PM2.5
34.4
34.2
34.0
33.8
33.6
33.4
33.2
33.0
32.8
32.6
32.4
32.2
32.0
-85.5 -85.0 -84.5 -84.0 -83.5 -83.0 -82.5 -82.0
Atlanta
FAQS measurement sites GA-EPD monitoring sites coal burning power plants point sources w/ CO:NOx > 1
20x20 km
Period 2001+ 02MAY-OCT NOV-APR
N
E
S
W9 18
µg m-316.7 15.5Macon SBP
N
E
S
W9 18
µg m-3
Columbus OLC 16.6 19.3
N
E
S
W9 18
µg m-3
15.8 13.4 Griffin
N
E
S
W9 18
µg m-315.0 14.2Augusta RP
Seasonal Differences in Diurnal Cycles: O3 & PM2.5
00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00
Time (EST)
WINTER HALF NOV-APRMac '01/'02 '00/'01Col '01/'02 '00/'01Aug '01/'02 '00/'01
WINTER HALF NOV-APRGrif '01 Tift '01Mac '01 '00Col '01 '00Aug '01 '00
PM2.5 Sources Near Columbus Driving Nighttime Averages in Winter 2001/02
Winter
25
20
15
10
5
0
PM2.
5 (
g m
-3)
00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00
Time (EST)
SUMMER HALF MAY-OCTGrif '02Mac '02 '01 '00Col '02 '01 '00Aug '02 '01 '00
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
O3
(ppb
v)SUMMER HALF MAY-OCTTift '02 '01Grif '02 '01Mac '02 '01
'00Col '02 '01
'00Aug '02 '01
'00
Summer
N
E
S
W10 20 µg m-3
PM2.5 Eceedance at Columbus-OLC near Fort Benning for SE winds in Winter 2001/02
Despite regional character of PM2.5, local PM sources on military installations dominant in winter half.
PM2.5 Exceedances at Columbus-OLC in Oct-Nov 2001
0.00
Win
d B
arb
40
30
20
10
0WS
(m/s
) T m
ax-T
min
(C) 80
60
40
20
0
8hm
ax O3 (ppbv)
Columbus GIT OLCEPD AirptEPD Crlab
4
68
10
2
4
68
100
2
4
24h
- PM
2.5
(µg
m-3
)
10/21/01 10/31/01 11/10/01 11/20/01 11/30/01 12/10/01Time (EST)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Ft Benning (acr burnt)
Griffin MaconAugusta Columbus
wild firesprescribed
Objectives and Outlook
• In this initial pilot study, establish understanding of the direct and indirect impact of current burn practices on sub-regional Air Quality.
• Lay foundation for more comprehensive and better focused Phase II Study to optimize burn practices toward minimum AQ impact.
• Create results of general applicability for the benefit of LMBs on other military installations in the SE-US and beyond.
• Learn lessons that help create and implement new revised land management strategies for the benefit of other agencies and institutions that face often times devastating wild fires in other parts of the Nation.
OLC site upgradeResearch site at
Oxbow Meadows Environmental Learning Center
upgraded for PM source apportionment and in situ
gas phase sampling
3’
4’
a/c
11’
8’
Stair step
4’ 14’
Guy wired8m Towertilt down
10’ Gate
45’ x 40’ Fence
N
10’ x 12’ Shelter
4 additional 20 A circuit breakers
33’ x 7’ level Platform~ 1’ above ground
4 quadruple outlets on individual breakers
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
20-Ja
n21
-Jan
5-Feb
6-Feb
10-M
ar
24-M
ar
27-M
ar
13-A
pr
15-A
pr
17-A
pr
29-A
pr
29-M
ay
Period
PM2.
5 (
g m
-3)
[K+] [Na+] [Ca2+] [NH4+] [Cl-] [NO3-] [SO4-2] EC Acetate Formate Oxalate OC OOE
OLC Preliminary PM2.5 Mass & CompositionIndividual Burn Events and Acres Burned
January May 2003
No-Burn Background
937 acres
1256 acres
3770 acres 4006 acres504 251
Burning early in the season seems advantageous
OLC Preliminary PM2.5 Mass & CompositionOM/OC & [O3-max] Averages per Burn EventJanuary May 2003
0
5
10
15
20
25
Jan
Feb
Mar
, 1st
Mar
, 2nd
Apr, 1
st
Apr, 2
ndM
ay
Period
PM (
g m
-3)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
O3 (ppbv)
Others [NH4+] [NO3-] [SO4-2] EC LOA OC OOE Max O3
OM/OC 1.9 1.5 2.2 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.0
Higher PM mass and OM/OC with higher [O3] later in the season
PreliminaryResultsMarch
2003
21%
5%
3%
4%
30%
29%
2%6%
Average mass = 15 +-4 g m-3
Period 10-11 March
50
40
30
20
10
0
PM2.
5 (µ
g/m
3 ) N
O N
Oy
O3
(ppb
v)
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00
Time (EST)
3-9
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00
Time (EST)
10-162671acres
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00
Time (EST)
17-23
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00
Time (EST)
600
500
400
300
200
100
CO
(ppbv)24-303770acres
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
RH
(%)
PAR
(W/m
2 ) W
D (d
egN
)
3-9 10-16 17-23
20
15
10
5
0
air T (C) W
S (m/s)
24-30
Progressively increasing
fine PM mass and organics
fraction correlate with increased
temperature, solar radiation,
and O3, indicating increased oxidizing
potential, hence formation of SOA.
17%
2%
7%
2%
43%
24%
4% 1%
SO4=NO3-NH4+ECOCOOEcalcLOAOthers
Average mass = 24 +-5 g m-3
Period 24-27 March
Preliminary VOC Results: March 2nd PeriodCarbon Balance (ppb/ppm)
Mar-25 sampled O15 (526 acres) Mar-26 (not sampled) Mar-27 & 28 sampled A7 (244 acres)
0.001
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
1000.000
FtB 11
00
OLC 11
00
FLA U
PWIND
FLA B
URN UNIT
FLA D
NWIN
D
OLC 14
00
SMO UPWIND
SMO BURN UNIT
SMO DNWIND
FtB 11
00
OLC 12
00
FLA U
PWIND
FLA B
URN UNIT
FLA D
NWIN
D
OLC 14
00
SMO UPWIN
D
SMO BURN UNIT
SMO DNWIND
OLC 17
00
OLC 22
00
OLC 09
00
SMO BURN UNIT
OLC 15
00
Halog HC Org NO3 Biog HC BTX incl 1,3Butadiene Alkenes incl Ethyne Alkanes CH4 CO CO2
Relatively strong emissions of CO, alkenes, aromatics, biogenics, and methyl chloride from burn units during flaming (FLA) stages
Preliminary POC Results: February 2003Identified Organic Mass
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2/2/03 0:00 2/5/03 12:00 2/5/03 17:00 2/5/03 22:00 2/6/03 3:00 2/6/03 8:00
Start Time [EST]
Con
c., n
g m
3
Sum of Alkanedioic acids
sum of Alkenoic acids
sum of n-alkanoic acids
Sum of Branched alkanes
Sum of Other compounds
Sum of Aromatic carboxylic acids
Sum of Resin scids
Sum of PAHs
Sum of Steranes
Sum of Hopanes
Sum of n-Alkanes
Preliminary POC Results: February 2003Other compounds
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2/2/03 0:00 2/5/03 12:00 2/5/03 17:00 2/5/03 22:00 2/6/03 3:00 2/6/03 8:00
Start Time [EST]
Con
c., n
g m
3
Nonanal
Cholesterol
Benz(de)anthracen-7-one
Propionylsyringol
Propionylsyringol
Coniferyl aldehyde
Acetonylsyringol
Sinapic aldehyde
Levoglucosan
Still to do(Pending continued funding)
• Evaluate regional PM from previous years relative to regional burn activity and precipitation
• Integrate GFC fire statistics
• Integrate GFC Forestry Weather & Smoke Management Forecast Data
• Integrate ECMI met data from Fort Benning
• Collect one more PCM sample in summer
• Analyze POC High-Volume samples
• QA/QC all met, gas and PM data
• Do source apportionment for select samples
• Merge all AQ data with fuel data
• Evaluate fuel-type – AQ relationship
• Prepare data for model integration
• Develop strategy for phase II
Acknowledgement
Collaborators and Contributors
CSU-OLC: Jill Whiting, Jim Trostle, site operatorsBecky Champion, director, “courier”
Ft Benning: Polly Gustafson, EMD, reporting to J BrentJack Greenlee, LMB, reporting to R LarimoreHugh Westbury, SERDP, contractor,
reporting to D Price, US Army, Vicksburg, MSFt Gordon: Allen Braswell, ENRMO, reporting to S WillardAugusta RP: Shari Mendrick, Col.Cty.Eng.Dept., Evans, GA
For more information
• Dr. Karsten Baumann (PI) kb@eas.gatech.edu
• Dr. Mei Zheng mzheng@eas.gatech.edu
• Dr. Michael Chang chang@eas.gatech.edu
• Dr. Ted Russell trussell@ce.gatech.edu
Find this presentation as 030626 DOD-P2 Atlanta in ppt-format at
http://arec.gatech.edu/Presentations
Supplementary Material
18%
4%
12%
2%
35%
18%
8%3%
Average mass = 12.8 +-1.7 g m-3
OM/OC = 1.5 +-0.2
Period 2-6 February
Progressively Increasing PM2.5 Mass & %-Organics
25%
5%
8%
2%
29%
23%
5% 3%
Average mass = 10.4 +-2.5 g m-3
OM/OC = 1.8 +-0.3
Period 20-22 January
27%
6%
4%
4%34%
11%
3%
11%
Average mass = 13.1 +-2.1 g m-3
OM/OC = 1.3 +-0.2
Period 10-11 March
17%
2%
7%
2%
43%
24%
4% 1%
Average mass = 23.9 +-4.9 g m-3
OM/OC = 1.6 +-0.2
Period 24-27 March
26%
1%
12%
1%30%
25%
4% 1%
SO4=NO3-NH4+EC
OCOOE*LOAOthers
Average mass = 22.1 +-5.2 g m-3
OM/OC = 2.0 +-0.5
Period 13-17 April
Gas-phase Emissions fromBiomass Burning
From laboratory combustion experiments by Lobert et al. [1990], published byCrutzen PJ and MO Andreae, Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles, Science 250, 1669-1678, 1990.
CO2, NOx, SO2, N2O, CH3Cl (not measured)mainly during flaming,
CO, Nitriles (HCN, CH3CN), HCmainly during smoldering.
Emission ratios (mol/mol) averaged for entire burning process:
CO/NOx ~ > 25CO/SO2 ~ 200
Lobert JM, DH Scharffe, WM Hao, andPJ Crutzen, Nature 346, 552-554, 1990.
Particle Composition Monitor “PCM”Channel 1:NH3 Na+, K+, NH4
+, Ca+2
Channel 2:HF, HCl, HONO, HNO3, SO2, HCOOH, CH3COOH, (COOH)2
F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO4
=, HCOO-, CH3COO-, C2O4
=
Channel 3:EC, OC, WSOC, “SVOC”
Additional higher resolution
CO, NO, NOy, O3, PM-mass,
and basic meteorology
High-Vol Sampling and GC/MS Analyses
Quantification of >100 Particle-phase Organic Compoundsn-alkanes, branched alkanes, cycloalkanesn-alkanoic acids, n-alkenoic acidsalkanedioic acidsPAHs, oxy-PAHs
retenesteraneshopanesresin acids
pimaric acidabietic acidsandaracopimaric acid
aromatic acidslevoglucosan
POC
Canister Sampling and GC/FID Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds
VOC
Collaborating withProf. Don Blake, UC Irvine, CA 92697 http://fsr10.ps.uci.edu/GROUP/group.html
C2-C6 n-alkanes, alkenes, branched alkenes, alkynesisoprene
Cyclic compoundsmonoterpenes (-, -pinene)
Aromatics, organic nitrates, halogenated speciesmethylchloride
Quantification of >60 compounds, incl. CO2 for “fire” samples
Recommended