AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE. DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w SECOND AG...

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE

DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION

• NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

• SECOND AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

• THIRD AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

AG PRODUCTION HEARTHS

• Upper SE Asian Mainlands, Lower SE Asian Mainland, Eastern India, SWA, East African Highlands, Meso-America

• North-Central China, Mediterranean Basin, Western Sudan, Andean Highlands, Eastern South America

AG PRODUCTION VARIANCES

• Nigerian women spread seeds

•Slash and burn in Peru

•Center pivot irrigation in Oregon

AG SYSTEMS in CLIMATE ZONES

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION

• Hunting & Gathering

• Shifting Cultivation

(slash-and-burn)

• Pastoral Nomadism

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION

• Subsistence Ag

• Commercial Ag

• Mixed Crop & Livestock

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION

• Dairy Farming

• Grain Farming

• Livestock Ranching

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION

• Mediterranean Ag

Commercial Gardening/Fruit Farming

• Plantation Farming

AGRICULTURAL FLOWS

• Columbian Exchange• NAFTA

von THUNEN MODEL

• Originator of spatial models

• Focused on maximizing the profit from his ag lands

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

• “Isolated state” – no trade connections

• Possessed only one market

• Located centrally in the state

• Uniform soil, climate, level of terrain

• All farmers lived equal distance from market and had equal access to it

• Farmers sought maximum profits

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• The complex of seed and management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland

• 1965-1995, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland

THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• 1965-1983 average yields• Rice 52%; Wheat 66%;

THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• Advancements in PINGS (Mali) has helped delay famine and extended life expectancies

• PEDS haven’t slowed down – always pushing to find new technologies

THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• HIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPS

• New variations of seeds/plants

• Irrigation

• Mechanization

• Fertilization

• Use of pesticides

• More food

THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• Irrigation has destroyed large tracts of land

• Ground water depletion• Conflict between agricultural societies and

urban sprawl

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• Blending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• Increased mechanization

•Development of biotechnology

HOPES & FEARS ABOUT THE FUTURE

• Will we be able to produce enough food for the world’s people? At what cost – economic and environmental?