Agenda - LMU München · PDF fileAgenda Overview Carbon- electronics and hybridization ......

LUDWIG-MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERSITÄTMÜNCHEN

Agenda

● Overview● Carbon- electronics and hybridization● Raman characterisation● 0-d Buckyball● 1-d Carbon Nanotubes● 2-d Graphene● 3-d Systems (Applications)

17.12.2013 Advanced Physics of Nanosystems Christian Straubinger

Carbon Based Nanostructures

Overview

Carbon (C): just 0.09% of the geosphere, but:

CH2, CH4, C2H4, ...

CO, CO2, CS2, CF4, …

H2CO3, C6H12O6, C2H6O, …

allotropes of carbon:

diamond, graphite, amorphous carbon

also: Buckyballs, CNTs, Graphene – known since the 1970s

Carbon electronics

● electron configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p²● sorts of hybridization: sp, sp², sp³

sp³ sp²

Hybridization

sp³ (diamond) sp² (graphite)

Hybridization - Properties

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon

Raman Spectroscopy

Monochromatic light on object → scattering (mostly Rayleigh)

Excitation in the ~const. Regime → excactly defined ΔE (specific for each material)

Raman Spectroscopy

Example: Comparison of three pure Elements

Lower frequencies – less energy in atom-vibrations (phonons)

Joe Hodkiewicz: “Characterizing Carbon Materials with Raman Spectroscopy“Joe Hodkiewicz: “Characterizing Carbon Materials with Raman Spectroscopy“

Diamond-band: ~1335cm ¹⁻Graphite-band: ~1582cm ¹⁻

Raman Spectrum of Carbon

● Natural ● Production via electric arc (inert atmosphere)● Most stable C60, C70, C76, C80, C82, C84, C86, C90, C94, ...

0-d – Fullerenes (Buckyballs)

Raman Spectrum of Buckyballs

Diamond-band: ~1335cm ¹⁻Graphit-band: ~1582cm ¹⁻

0-d – Fullerenes (Buckyballs)

G-band D-band

● Properties● Applications● Endohedral fullerenes

0-d - Fullerenes (Buckyballs)

● Structure – wrapped graphite layer● SW and MW tubes

1-d – Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

Growth via chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

Raman Spectrum of CNTs Diamond-band: ~1335cm ¹⁻Graphit-band: ~1582cm ¹⁻

Different species

Andrew G. Rinzler†, Richard E. Smalley† & Cees Dekker*: “Electronic structure of Andrew G. Rinzler†, Richard E. Smalley† & Cees Dekker*: “Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon nanotubesatomically resolved carbon nanotubes

Electrical properties

for m=n → armchair → metallic

otherwise: if n-m=3*l (with l=1,2,3,...) → also metallic

if n-m≠3*l → semiconducting, band gap E 0.5eV≃

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_nanotube_bands.gif

● Structure● Single layer, dual layer

2-d – Graphene

Raman Spectrum of Graphene Diamond-band: ~1335cm ¹⁻Graphit-band: ~1582cm ¹⁻

2-d – Graphene

Electrical properties

linear disp. relation → zero effective mass!!

2-d – Graphene

Klein Paradox (better: Klein effect / Klein tunneling)

2-d – Graphene

Katsnelson, Novoselov and Geim: “Chiral tunneling and the Klein paradox in graphene”

Klein tunneling

2-d – Graphene

Katsnelson, Novoselov and Geim: “Chiral tunneling and the Klein paradox in graphene”

Klein Paradox – experiments

2-d – Graphene

N. Stander, B. Huard, D. Goldhaber-Gordon: “Evidence for Klein Tunneling in Graphene p-n Junctions”, Physical Review Letters 2009

result: saturation of resistance for growing potential barrier (consistent with description)

● abnormal quantum hall effect● other extraordinary properties

2-d – Graphene

Applications – mechanical (CNTs)

specific strength up to 300 times stronger than best steel

● mix with plastics (similar to carbon fibers)

● Paraffin wax + CNTs → twine

3-d Structures

https://theconversation.com/power-to-you-carbon-nanotube-muscles-are-going-strong-10747

Applications - electrical

● displays● Solar cells● nanoelectronics● CNT transistors● Hydrogen storage● ...

3-d Structures

Dimitrakakis, Froudakis, Tylianakis: “Designing novel carbon nanostructures for hydrogen storage”

The end

Thanks for the attention!

Pictures (1)Pictures (1)

http://spie.org/x33929.xmlhttp://spie.org/x33929.xml

http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/ten_things_you_should_know_4.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/ten_things_you_should_know_4.php

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube

http://www.intechopen.com/books/carbon-nanotubes/interconnect-challenges-and-carbon-nanotube-as-interconnect-in-nano-vlsi-circuitshttp://www.intechopen.com/books/carbon-nanotubes/interconnect-challenges-and-carbon-nanotube-as-interconnect-in-nano-vlsi-circuits

http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/materials-and-applications/nanomaterials.htmlhttp://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/materials-and-applications/nanomaterials.html

http://sekidiamond.com/images/hf/applications/raman.gifhttp://sekidiamond.com/images/hf/applications/raman.gif

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon

http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/3/11/4871http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/3/11/4871

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Fullerene_4.png/250px-Fullerene_4.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Fullerene_4.png/250px-Fullerene_4.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Endohedral_fullerene.png/220px-Endohedral_fullerene.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Endohedral_fullerene.png/220px-Endohedral_fullerene.png

https://theconversation.com/power-to-you-carbon-nanotube-muscles-are-going-strong-10747https://theconversation.com/power-to-you-carbon-nanotube-muscles-are-going-strong-10747

http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/0/00/NanoBud.JPGhttp://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/0/00/NanoBud.JPG

Sources

Pictures (2)Pictures (2)

http://afrodita.rcub.bg.ac.rs/~rzoran/Allotropes%20of%20carbon_files/image002.gifhttp://afrodita.rcub.bg.ac.rs/~rzoran/Allotropes%20of%20carbon_files/image002.gif

http://yfzhang.sjtu.edu.cn/en/research.asp?id=7http://yfzhang.sjtu.edu.cn/en/research.asp?id=7

http://www.eie.gr/nhrf/institutes/tpci/researchteams/mspc/mspc-cnanotubes-en.htmlhttp://www.eie.gr/nhrf/institutes/tpci/researchteams/mspc/mspc-cnanotubes-en.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_nanotube_bands.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_nanotube_bands.gif

http://ncem.lbl.gov/images/G2.jpghttp://ncem.lbl.gov/images/G2.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_scatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_scattering

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Diatomic_phonons.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Diatomic_phonons.png

Sources

PapersPapers

M.S. Dresselhaus: „Carbon-Based Nanostructures“M.S. Dresselhaus: „Carbon-Based Nanostructures“

D.W. Brenner, O.A. Shenderova, D.A. Areshkin, J.D. Schall1 and S.-J. V. Frankland: “Atomic Modeling of D.W. Brenner, O.A. Shenderova, D.A. Areshkin, J.D. Schall1 and S.-J. V. Frankland: “Atomic Modeling of Carbon-Based Nanostructures as a Tool for Developing New Materials and Technologies“Carbon-Based Nanostructures as a Tool for Developing New Materials and Technologies“

K. S. Novoselov, V. I. Falko, L. Colombo, P. R. Gellert, M. G. Schwab & K. Kim: “A roadmap for graphene“K. S. Novoselov, V. I. Falko, L. Colombo, P. R. Gellert, M. G. Schwab & K. Kim: “A roadmap for graphene“

Joe Hodkiewicz: “Characterizing Carbon Materials with Raman Spectroscopy“, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2010Joe Hodkiewicz: “Characterizing Carbon Materials with Raman Spectroscopy“, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2010

Dimitrakakis, Froudakis, Tylianakis: “Designing novel carbon nanostructures for hydrogen storage”Dimitrakakis, Froudakis, Tylianakis: “Designing novel carbon nanostructures for hydrogen storage”

Katsnelson, Novoselov and Geim: “Chiral tunneling and the Klein paradox in graphene”Katsnelson, Novoselov and Geim: “Chiral tunneling and the Klein paradox in graphene”

N. Stander, B. Huard, D. Goldhaber-Gordon: “Evidence for Klein Tunneling in Graphene p-n Junctions”, N. Stander, B. Huard, D. Goldhaber-Gordon: “Evidence for Klein Tunneling in Graphene p-n Junctions”, Physical Review Letters 2009Physical Review Letters 2009

Mikhail I. Katsnelson: “Graphene: carbon in two dimensions“Mikhail I. Katsnelson: “Graphene: carbon in two dimensions“

Jeroen W. G. Wildo¨ er*, Liesbeth C. Venema*,Jeroen W. G. Wildo¨ er*, Liesbeth C. Venema*,

Andrew G. Rinzler†, Richard E. Smalley† & Cees Dekker*: “Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon Andrew G. Rinzler†, Richard E. Smalley† & Cees Dekker*: “Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon nanotubes“nanotubes“

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Agenda - LMU München · PDF fileAgenda Overview Carbon- electronics and hybridization ......

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