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Age of Religious Wars. Struggle for Power Religion or Politics ?. Protestants vs. Catholics. Reformation caused a series of wars. Europe was trying to RE-Discovery itself. Wars are both national and international conflicts. 1555: Peace of Augsberg -> cuius regio, eius religio - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Age of Religious WarsAge of Religious Wars
Struggle for PowerStruggle for Power
Religion or Politics ?Religion or Politics ?
Protestants vs. CatholicsProtestants vs. Catholics• Reformation caused a series of wars.Reformation caused a series of wars.
• Europe was trying to RE-Discovery itself. Europe was trying to RE-Discovery itself.
• Wars are both national and international Wars are both national and international conflicts. conflicts. – 1555: Peace of Augsberg -> 1555: Peace of Augsberg -> cuius regio, eius cuius regio, eius
religioreligio– 1563: Council of Trent ended1563: Council of Trent ended– 1564: Calvin dies in Geneva 1564: Calvin dies in Geneva
Religion into Political Structure
• Catholics – stressed the episcopal church system where obedience to the person at the top was emphasized.
• Calvinists – adopted a presbyterian church system where local churches maintained individual control.
Cultural DevelopmentsCultural Developments
• Baroque Art: Three-dimensional display Baroque Art: Three-dimensional display of life and energy. of life and energy.
• Grandiose and elegant landscapes and Grandiose and elegant landscapes and portraits.portraits.
• Differences in Catholic vs. Protestant Differences in Catholic vs. Protestant – Peter Paul Rubens: 1571-1640Peter Paul Rubens: 1571-1640
– Rembrandt van Rijn: 1606-1669Rembrandt van Rijn: 1606-1669
Intellectual Intellectual DevelopmentsDevelopments
• Skepticism, Relativism, & IndividualismSkepticism, Relativism, & Individualism– ““To kill a man is not to defend a doctrine, To kill a man is not to defend a doctrine,
but to kill a man” but to kill a man”
• Politiques: Politiques: Rulers who urged tolerance Rulers who urged tolerance and moderation for political unity.and moderation for political unity.
French Wars of ReligionFrench Wars of Religion
• 1562-15981562-1598
• French Protestants- HuguenotsFrench Protestants- Huguenots
• Edict of Fontainebleu 1540Edict of Fontainebleu 1540
• Edict of Chateaubriand 1551Edict of Chateaubriand 1551
• For the most part, France remained For the most part, France remained a staunch foe of Protestants. a staunch foe of Protestants.
Internal ConflictsInternal Conflicts
• Henry II accidentally dies and Henry II accidentally dies and breaks Habsburg-Valois peace. breaks Habsburg-Valois peace.
• Francis II becomes KING. Francis II becomes KING.
• Families vie for power: Families vie for power:
- Bourbons - Bourbons
- Montmorency-Chatillons- Montmorency-Chatillons
- Guises- Guises
Catherine de MedicisCatherine de Medicis• Ascends to power, as Ascends to power, as
the regency of her son, the regency of her son, Francis II and then Francis II and then Charles IXCharles IX
• Guise sympathiesGuise sympathies• War with the War with the
Huguenots Huguenots • MachiavellianMachiavellian
Factors of War Factors of War • Peace of Saint-Germain-en-LayePeace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
- In 1570, Granted religious freedom to the - In 1570, Granted religious freedom to the Huguenots. Huguenots.
• 1571 – Battle of Lepanto Spain crushes the 1571 – Battle of Lepanto Spain crushes the Turks Turks
• Saint BartholomewSaint Bartholomew’’s Day Massacres Day Massacre
- August 24, 1572 over 20,000 Protestants - August 24, 1572 over 20,000 Protestants were killed. were killed.
St. BartholomewSt. Bartholomew’’s Day s Day MassacreMassacre
A Nominal PeaceA Nominal Peace
• In 1589, Henry III was stabbed and In 1589, Henry III was stabbed and Henry (IV) Navarre, a Huguenot Henry (IV) Navarre, a Huguenot Protestant, came to power. Protestant, came to power.
• A true politique A true politique
• Edict of Nantes 1598: Granted the Edict of Nantes 1598: Granted the religious freedom of worship.religious freedom of worship.
Henry IV
• 1589-1610 • Bourbon Dynasty• A true politique who
ended the Wars of Religion in France
• Treaty of Vervins• Assassinated in 1610
by a Catholic Monk
Pillars of Spanish PowerPillars of Spanish Power
• Philip II: Ruler of the Eastern Habsburg Philip II: Ruler of the Eastern Habsburg Dynasty, a true Machiavellian rulerDynasty, a true Machiavellian ruler
• Extremely CatholicExtremely Catholic
• Wealth and Power come from the New Wealth and Power come from the New World. World.
• Wanted complete control over EuropeWanted complete control over Europe
Philip II: 1556-1598Philip II: 1556-1598• New World Riches
– Silver and Gold
• Increased Population– Subjugated Poor
• Efficient Bureaucracy– Controlled Lesser
Nobles
• Supremacy in the Mediterranean
The NetherlandsThe Netherlands
• PhilipPhilip’’s first attempt to seize s first attempt to seize northern Europe was in the northern Europe was in the Netherlands Netherlands
• His efforts, however, were to no availHis efforts, however, were to no avail
• 1550s - Calvinism makes its way into 1550s - Calvinism makes its way into the Netherlandsthe Netherlands
Protestant OppositionProtestant Opposition• William of Orange - Calvinist who William of Orange - Calvinist who
opposed Philip II. opposed Philip II. • Compromise of 1564: pledge to resist Compromise of 1564: pledge to resist
the decrees of Trent and the the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition. Inquisition.
• Philip sends the Duke Alba to the Philip sends the Duke Alba to the Netherlands. Netherlands.
Duke of AlbaDuke of Alba
• Arrives in Arrives in Rotterdam 1567Rotterdam 1567
• 10,000 soldiers 10,000 soldiers
• Reign of TerrorReign of Terror
• ““Tenth PennyTenth Penny”” - - Sales TaxSales Tax
Resistance & UnificationResistance & Unification
• William of Orange joined forces with William of Orange joined forces with ““Sea BeggarsSea Beggars””
• In 1572, capture the city of BrillIn 1572, capture the city of Brill
• Pacification of Ghent: 1576 - Splits the Pacification of Ghent: 1576 - Splits the Netherlands.Netherlands.
- North: Protestant - North: Protestant
- South: Catholic - South: Catholic
Towards Independence Towards Independence
• Union of Arras: supported the Counter-Union of Arras: supported the Counter-Reformation -> TrentReformation -> Trent
• Union of Utrecht: supported Calvinism. Union of Utrecht: supported Calvinism.
• 1581 - Wm of Orange declares 1581 - Wm of Orange declares Independence from SpainIndependence from Spain
• 1584 - He was assassinated! 1584 - He was assassinated!
• Independence not recognized until 1648Independence not recognized until 1648
EnglandEngland’’s Religious Warss Religious Wars
• Mary Tudor: reinstates CatholicismMary Tudor: reinstates Catholicism
• Married to Philip II – her cousin Married to Philip II – her cousin
• ““Bloody MaryBloody Mary”” killed thousands of killed thousands of ProtestantsProtestants
• Died 1558 supposedly giving birth - Died 1558 supposedly giving birth - no heir so Elizabeth I became the no heir so Elizabeth I became the Regent Regent
Thomas CranmerThomas Cranmer’’s s ExecutionExecution
Elizabeth I: 1558-1603Elizabeth I: 1558-1603
• A true politiqueA true politique
• Political unity in Political unity in EnglandEngland
• Re-established the Re-established the Church of Church of EnglandEngland
• Never marriesNever marries
Internal ProblemsInternal Problems
• Catholicism vs. Protestantism in Catholicism vs. Protestantism in England. England.
• Elizabeth sought the middle roadElizabeth sought the middle road
• Protestants split in England: Protestants split in England:
- Presbyterians - Presbyterians
- Congregationalists - Congregationalists
External ProblemsExternal Problems• Problems stem from SpainProblems stem from Spain
• Elizabeth I was the only support and Elizabeth I was the only support and hope for the Protestants in northern hope for the Protestants in northern EuropeEurope
• 1585 - Treaty of Nonsuch 1585 - Treaty of Nonsuch
• 1587 - executes Mary Scots1587 - executes Mary Scots
Spanish Armada: 1588Spanish Armada: 1588
Political or Religious ?Political or Religious ?
• The Thirty YearsThe Thirty Years’’ War was the last and War was the last and most destructive wars of religion. most destructive wars of religion.
• It established the map of Europe and It established the map of Europe and brought the world into modernity. brought the world into modernity.
• BUT… was it a political struggle or a BUT… was it a political struggle or a religious crusade? religious crusade?
Religious DivisionsReligious Divisions
• Lutherans were established in the Lutherans were established in the north and protected by the Peace of north and protected by the Peace of Augsburg. Augsburg.
• Catholics had established a stronghold Catholics had established a stronghold in France, Spain, and HRE. in France, Spain, and HRE.
• Calvinist took over the Palatine under Calvinist took over the Palatine under elector Frederick IIIelector Frederick III
Four Periods of WarFour Periods of War
• Bohemian - 1618-1625Bohemian - 1618-1625
• Danish - 1625-1629 Danish - 1625-1629
• Swedish - 1630-1635 Swedish - 1630-1635
• Swedish-French - 1635-1648Swedish-French - 1635-1648
Bohemian PeriodBohemian Period
• Ferdinand a Habsburg Catholic makes Ferdinand a Habsburg Catholic makes an entrance in 1618. an entrance in 1618.
• May 1618 - Defenestration of PragueMay 1618 - Defenestration of Prague
• Calvinists protest and elect Frederick V Calvinists protest and elect Frederick V to the Palatine. to the Palatine.
• Ferdinand finds allies in Spain and the Ferdinand finds allies in Spain and the Catholic League. Catholic League.
Danish PeriodDanish Period
• King of Denmark - Christian IV was a King of Denmark - Christian IV was a Lutheran with BIG goals. Lutheran with BIG goals.
• The Catholic League and Albrecht of The Catholic League and Albrecht of Wallenstein, a Catholic mercenary. Wallenstein, a Catholic mercenary.
• Edict of Restitution 1629Edict of Restitution 1629
Swedish PeriodSwedish Period
• Gustavos Adolphus wanted to maximize Gustavos Adolphus wanted to maximize his interests in the mainland. his interests in the mainland.
• Backed by the French and the DutchBacked by the French and the Dutch• Killed in 1632 by Wallenstein in the Killed in 1632 by Wallenstein in the
Battle of Lutzen. Battle of Lutzen. • Wallenstein assassinated by Ferdinand Wallenstein assassinated by Ferdinand
Swedish-French PeriodSwedish-French Period
• French moved directly into the war. French moved directly into the war.
• The mostly deadly phase of the war, The mostly deadly phase of the war, with over a third of the German with over a third of the German population being wiped out. population being wiped out.
• Resulted in a politically fragmented Resulted in a politically fragmented and weak German region. and weak German region.
Treaty of WestphaliaTreaty of Westphalia• Clearly this peace treaty is a secular Clearly this peace treaty is a secular
document, but what exactly does it document, but what exactly does it establish? establish?
• How did it significantly bring about How did it significantly bring about the entrance into the modern era? the entrance into the modern era?
InterpretationsInterpretations
• What was the motivating factor What was the motivating factor behind the Thirty Yearsbehind the Thirty Years’’ War? War?
- Religion- Religion
- Politics- Politics
- Greed- Greed
Next Week
• Briefly trace the paths to power of England and France in 17th century and define what the differences were in the two distinct formations.
• Focus on ONE: either England’s Path to Constitutionalism or France’s Success in Absolutism.
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