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Advanced Algorithms for Geographic Information
Systems
CPSC 695
Think about ―Geography‖
• What is Geography
The 3 ―W‘s‖ of Geography
–What is where
–Why is it there
–Why do I care
Data - Data - DataWe all ‗got data‘
• Location Data – How Many – What Kind – Where
• Scale of Data – Local to Global
• Data Presentation
– Words, Charts, Graphs, Tables, or Maps
Exploring data using GIS turns data into information into knowledge
GIS is a System of computer software, hardware
and data, and personnel to help manipulate,
analyze and present information that is tied to a
spatial location –
• spatial location – usually a geographic location
• information – visualization of analysis of data
• system – linking software, hardware, data
• personnel – a thinking explorer who is key to
the power of GIS
Geographic Information Systems
A Definition of GIS
What is Not GIS ?
• GPS – Global Positioning System
• A static map – paper or digital
– Maps are often a ―product‖ of a GIS
– A way to visualize the analysis
• A software package
GIS History
• About 15,500 years ago:
On the walls of caves near Lascaux, France, Cro-Magnon
hunters drew pictures of the animals they hunted. Associated
with the animal drawings are track lines and tallies thought to
depict migration routes.
• In 1854:
John Snow depicted a cholera outbreak in London using
points to represent the locations of some individual cases,
possibly the earliest use of the geographic method.
GIS History
• In 1962:
Dr. Roger Tomlinson developed the world's first true
operational GIS in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada by the federal
Department of Forestry and Rural Development.
It was called the "Canada Geographic Information System"
(CGIS) and was used to store, analyze, and manipulate data
collected for the Canada Land Inventory (CLI)—an initiative to
determine the land capability for rural Canada by mapping
information about soils, agriculture, recreation, wildlife,
waterfowl, forestry, and land use at a scale of 1:50,000. A
rating classification factor was also added to permit analysis.
GIS History
• In 1964:
Howard T Fisher formed the Laboratory for Computer
Graphics and Spatial Analysis at the Harvard Graduate School
of Design (LCGSA 1965-1991), where a number of important
theoretical concepts in spatial data handling were developed.
• Early 1980s:
M&S Computing (later Intergraph), Environmental Systems
Research Institute (ESRI) and CARIS (Computer Aided
Resource Information System) emerged as commercial
vendors of GIS software .
Spatial Data
• Estimates are that 80% of all data has a spatial component
– Data from most sciences can be analyzed ―spatially‖
What is GIS ?
• A method to visualize, manipulate, analyze, and display spatial data
• ―Smart Maps‖ linking a database to the map
Database―Not Easy to Interpret‖
Visualization ―Worth a Thousand Words‖
Two Ways to Input and Visualize DataThe World in GIS
• Raster – Grid– ―pixels‖– a location and value
– Satellite images and aerial photos are already in this format
• Vector – Linear– Points, lines & polygons– ―Features‖ (house, lake, etc.)
– Attributes– size, type, length, etc.
Real world
Combining Data From Many Sources
Data for GIS Applications
• Digitized and Scanned Maps– purchased, donated, free (Internet)
– created by user
• Data Bases – Tables of data
• GPS – Global Positioning System
– accurate locations
• Field Sampling of Attributes
• Remote Sensing & Aerial Photography
States
Five Data Layers ―Alike‖ Features
Roads
CapitalsRivers
Lakes
―Spatial Analysis‖ – not just a map
Turning Data Into Information
Asking a Question – Interaction
Maps and Database are ―Interactive‖
Multiple Databases can be Linked and Related
Some Ways GIS is Used
• Emergency Services – Fire & Police
• Environmental – Monitoring & Modeling
• Business – Site Location, Delivery Systems
• Industry – Transportation, Communication,
Mining, Pipelines, Healthcare
• Government – Local, State, Federal, Military
• Education – Research, Teaching Tool, Administration
Wherever Spatial Data Analysis is Needed
Network Solutions
Ecosystem Management
3D Mine with Well Data
Environmental MonitoringToxic Plume
Combining Various Display Methods
Oil Spill and Contamination
Site Location and Client Distance
Modeling of Future Trends
Clusters and Comparison of Data
Loma Linda Hospital Facilities
Types of GIS
• Classic GIS
• Applied GIS
• Emerging GIS
Classic GIS
• Databases
• Data representation
• Querying
• Spatial statistic analysis
• Visualization
• Conclusions/predictions
Applied GIS
• Maps
• Path planning
• Terrain visualization
• Medical GIS
• Educational GIS
Emerging GIS
• Sensor networks
• Distributed GIS
• Google maps
• Hand-held GIS
• Web-based GIS
GIS on the Internet
• Olympics
— http://citymap.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/
• National Geographic Map Machine
— http://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps.index.html
• Find a Home — http://www.realtor.com
• ATM Locator — http://www.visa.com
• Store Locator — http://www.godiva.com
• GIS Info — http://www.gis.com
You might be a GIS Professional If…
- you hear the words SPATIAL and ENTERPRISE and do
not think of Star Trek
- your idea of curling up with a good book is with a Rand
McNally Street Atlas
- you are the only person that realizes the term 'GIS
system' contains a redundancy
- FGDC metadata does not put you to sleep
- you find yourself critiquing Mapquest maps
- you notice inconsistent signage on streets
- you can navigate a southbound trip without turning the
map upside down
GIS Professionals
- you are not amazed that a dispatcher knows where your
cell phone call is coming from
- when told to turn 'East' you know which way to go
- you can give directions without mentioning McDonalds or
Starbucks
- you laugh at the folks climbing Mt. Elbert (highest point
in Colorado - over 14,000 feet) who say "we're almost
there, the GPS says it's just few hundred feet away"
- you find errors on the AAA travel atlas and try to get a
refund
Adapted from ‘ewolf’ at www.gisnuts.com
GIS Professionals
Questions?
Recommended