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Ravindra L. Mehta
Disclosure of Interest
The details of each Disclosure of Interest are available at the Invited Speakers’ desk
(located in the Registration Area).
No interest conflicts to declare
ASN HIGHLIGHTS 2015
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
Ravindra L. Mehta, MD, FASN
Susceptibility
Identifying High risk patients
• Lipid Lowering agents
• Amit GargPrimary
Prevention
Risk Assessment
Interaction between demographics,
hypertension and diabetes with eGFR and
ACR
CKD Prognosis Consortium
BMI and AKI
Associations of eGFR and Albuminuria with Acute Kidney Injury in Individuals with and without Diabetes and Hypertension:
A Collaborative Meta-Analysis
MT James, ME Grams, M Woodward, CR Elley, JA Green, DC Wheeler,P de Jong, RT Gansevoort, AS Levey, DG Warnock, MJ Sarnak,
for the CKD Prognosis Consortium
Kidney Measures, Demographics, and Acute Kidney Injury:A Collaborative Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies
Morgan Grams, Yingying Sang, Shoshana Ballew, Ron Gansevoort, Heejin Kim, Csaba Kovesdy, David Naimark, Cecilia Oien, David Smith,
Josef Coresh, Mark Sarnak, Benedicte Stengel, and Marcello Tonellifor the CKD Prognosis Consortium
Included Studies: 13 cohorts with 18,567 events
5
Study Region N Cases eGFR % Albuminuria Age (SD)
%
Female % Blacks
General population cohort
AKDN Canada 920,686 9,060 92 (20) 5% 47 (17) 55% 0%
ARIC* USA 11,424 655 84 (15) 8% 63 (6) 56% 22%
CHS* USA 2,968 115 71 (17) 20% 78 (5) 59% 17%
HUNT* Norway 9,670 281 85 (20) 13% 62 (15) 55% 0%
Maccabi Israel 265,800 6,112 86 (21) 15% 57 (14) 49% 0%
PREVEND* Netherlands 8,377 54 84 (16) 11% 49 (13) 50% 1%
Severance Korea 65,021 151 85 (16) 5% 46 (12) 48% 0%
ULSAM* Sweden 1,103 52 76 (11) 16% 71 (1) 0% 0%
Overall 1,285,049 16,480 90 (20) 7% 49 (16) 53% 0.2%
Chronic kidney disease cohorts
CRIB* UK 207 51 26 (8) 80% 62 (14) 30% 6%
GeisingerACR* USA 4,043 561 52 (8) 43% 69 (10) 53% 2%
GeisingerDip USA 920 185 50 (9) 38% 68 (12) 49% 2%
KPNW USA 1,624 51 46 (11) 31% 72 (10) 56% 3%
Sunnybrook* Canada 1,994 51 68 (32) 61% 60 (18) 47% 0%
VA CKD* USA 70,731 1,188 64 (21) 56% 71 (10) 2% 12%
Overall 79,519 2,087 63 (21) 55% 70 (11) 7% 11%
*Studies with ACR
‡Proportion of participants with ACR ≥30 mg/g or PCR ≥50 mg/g or dipstick protein ≥1+.
Associations of kidney measures with AKI
6
•Lower eGFR and higher albuminuria were strong and consistent risk factors for AKI across subgroup of age, sex, and race
•Age as a risk factor was less important in lower eGFR and higher ACR
•Male sex and black race appeared to be risk factors throughout the range of eGFR & ACR
7
Interaction between age, sex and race with eGFR and ACR
Hazard Ratios of AKI according to eGFR/ACR and Diabetes
Implications
Individuals at risk of AKI are best identified using measures of eGFR and albuminuria in addition to the presence or absence of diabetes or hypertension.
Future strategies to identify individuals at risk of AKI should combine information on diabetes, hypertension, kidney measures, and consider their interactions in order to target AKI prevention and care strategies to high risk individuals.
November 15, 2014
Obesity, Weight Distribution and the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury
The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Keiko Greenberg, MD
Aims
• Evaluate the association of BMI and risk of AKI, independent of kidney function
• Evaluate whether waistto hip ratio adds additional information on AKI risk, independent of BMI and kidney function
11http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/multimedia/apple-and-pear-body-shapes/img-20006114
Study Population
• The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study: a prospective community-based cohort designed to study etiology and natural history of atherosclerosis
• Sites: Washington County, MD; Forsyth County, NC; Jackson, MS; Minneapolis, MN
• Extensive clinical exams and laboratory studies collected roughly every 3 years
• 11,063 visit 4 attendees included (1996-99)
12
Methods
• Exposures: BMI and waist to hip ratio
• Measured once at baseline
• Outcome: AKI occurring in the hospital setting between visit 4 and 12/31/10
• ICD codes (584.x, N17.x) abstracted from discharge summaries/death certificates
5
Baseline CharacteristicsVariable BMI < 30
(n = 7,193)BMI ≥ 30
(n = 3,870)Low WHR(n = 2,396)
High WHR(n = 8,667)
Age (Years) 64 63* 63 64*
Male (%) 46 40* 55 41*
Black (%) 18 30* 25 21*
Diabetes (%) 11 27* 8 19*
HTN (%) 41 59* 36 50*
CHD (%) 8 8 8 8
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) 86 87* 87 86
eGFR < 60 (%) 6 7* 5 7*
Moderate albuminuria1 6 8* 5 7*
Severe albuminuria2 1 2* 1 2*
BMI ≥ 30 (%) 0 100 11 42*
*p < 0.05 for the comparison by subgroup of BMI or WHR. 130-300mg albumin/g Cr. 2>300mg albumin/g Cr.
Results
15
.5
1
2
4
8
Ad
juste
d H
aza
rd R
atio
10 20 30 40 50 60Body Mass Index (kg/m2)
95% CI
Relative Hazard
.5
1
2
4
8
Ad
juste
d H
aza
rd R
atio
10 20 30 40 50 60Body Mass Index (kg/m2)
95% CI
Relative Hazard
Adjusted Association between BMI and AKI Risk*
*Adjusted for 8 covariates and WHR
For BMI < 30: aHR 0.97 (0.94, 0.99) per 1kg/m2
p = 0.04
For BMI > 30: aHR 1.07 (1.06, 1.09) per 1kg/m2
p < 0.001
Results
16
Adjusted Association between WHR and AKI Risk*
*Adjusted for 8 covariates and BMI
1
2
3
4
0.5
Ad
juste
d H
aza
rd R
atio
.4 .6 .8 1 1.2 1.4Waist-to-Hip Ratio
95% CI
Relative Hazard
1
2
3
4
0.5
Ad
juste
d H
aza
rd R
atio
.4 .6 .8 1 1.2 1.4Waist-to-Hip Ratio
95% CI
Relative Hazard
aHR 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) per 0.01 increasep < 0.001
Sensitivity Analyses
Group N
Adjusted Hazard Ratio
BMI < 30 kg/m2
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 WHR
Entire cohort 11,063 0.97 1.07 1.03
Addition of hospitalizations as time varying covariate
11,063 0.97 1.07 1.03
Exclusion of AKI occurring with cardiac procedures
10,978 0.96 1.08 1.03
Use of creatinine-based AKI (KDIGO1)
2,486* 1.00 1.05 1.03
Addition of eGFR as time varying covariate
2,486* 1.00 1.07 1.02
17
Bold indicates p<0.05. 1KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for AKI. KI 2012;2:1-138. *Analyses in a subset of participants from Washington County, MD for whom laboratory data from January 1, 2002 through December 31, 2012 were available.
Conclusions
• Both BMI and waist to hip ratio were associated with hospitalized AKI in ARIC, independent of each other and eGFR
• There was an apparent U-shaped relationship between BMI and hospitalized AKI
• The relationship between waist to hip ratio and hospitalized AKI was linear
18
Amit X. Garg , M D , M A ( E d u c a t i o n ) , P h D
Nephrologist,
London Health Sciences Centre
Professor, Medicine and Epidemiology
Western University
London, Ontario, CANADA
Cholesterol Lowering Drugs
and Acute Kidney Injury
Blight
↑ risk
Benefit
↓ risk
Benign
no effect
Cholesterol Lowering Drugs
and Acute Kidney Injury
Fibrates
Statins
↑ creatinine
• fibrate: median 15
μmol/L (0.17 mg/dL)
• ezetimibe: no change
in creatinine
> 50% increase serum
creatinine
• fibrate: ~ 1 in 10
patients
Zhao et al. Ann Intern Med 2012
Within 90 days of new fibrate use
↑ 14 umol/L
0.16 mg/dL↑ 33 umol/L
0.4 mg/dL
eGFR ≥ 60 eGFR < 60
Greater absolute increase in
serum creatinine in CKD
Mechanism by which fibrates
cause increase in serum creatinine
is uncertain and controversial
• increased creatinine production
• impaired prostaglandin generation
• rhabdomyolysis (concurrent use of statin)
• renally excreted: can accumulate in CKD
↑ creatinine observed with fenofibrate, benzafibrate,
& ciprofibrate. Evidence with gemfibrozil is conflicting.
without true
kidney damage
reversible
no dialysis /
ESRD risk
Blight
↑ risk
Benefit
↓ risk
Benign
no effect
Fibrates and Acute Kidney Injury
Subacute increases in serum
creatinine from fibrates meant
more hospital and nephrology
encounters in routine care.
Increases in
creatinine likely
not from kidney
tubular injury
Fibrates reduce
proteinuria
(renoprotective)
Until then, as done in RCTs
1. Start prescription at low dose
and appropriate for GFR
2. Monitor renal function
Need to better understand
• mechanism by which fibrates
increase serum creatinine level
• long-term renal effects
• safety in CKD
Blight
↑ risk
Benefit
↓ risk
Benign
no effect
Cholesterol Lowering Drugs
and Acute Kidney Injury
Fibrates
Statins
Do statins cause
Acute Kidney Injury?
Dormuth C et al. BMJ 2013
Information on use
in routine practice (less regimented than RCT; millions of patients and 1000s of events)
Confounding by indication?
JUPITER RCT
Multi-National Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial of Rosuvastatin in the Prevention of Cardiovascular EventsAmong Individuals With Low LDL and Elevated hsCRP
Statins and the Risk of Renal-Related
Serious Adverse Events
An Analysis from the IDEAL, TNT, CARDS, ASPEN,
SPARCL and Other Placebo-Controlled RCTs
Bangalore S et al. Am J Cardiol 2014
Statin Placebo
Less SAEs with
StatinMore SAEs with
Statin
0.04% 0.10%
Statins and the Risk of Renal-Related
Serious Adverse Events
An Analysis from the IDEAL, TNT, CARDS, ASPEN,
SPARCL and Other Placebo-Controlled RCTs
Bangalore S et al. Am J Cardiol 2014
High Low
Less SAEs with
High DoseMore SAEs with
High Dose
0.05% 0.02%
0% 0.04%
SHARP RCTHaynes R, Landray M et al. JASN 2014
Sivastatin +
ezetimibePlacebovs Kidney failure events
Simvastatin
+ ezetimibePlacebovs Kidney failure events
SHARP RCTHaynes R, Landray M et al. JASN 2014
Exploratory Outcomes
Proteinuria levels follow-up
- no difference between the 2 groups (p=0.20)
Acute on chronic renal failureas reported by study investigators
6.7% vs. 7.4%, RR 0.91 (95% CI 0.75 to 1.09; P=0.30)
Do statins prevent
Acute Kidney Injury?
Potential mechanisms by which statins may prevent acute kidney injury
Renal injury
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
↓Adhesion molecules(eg. VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin)
↓ MCP, ↓IL-8
↓CRP, ↓COX-2, ↓IL-6, ↓TNFα
↑NO
↓ADHESION
↓MIGRATION
↑ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY and IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS
May prevent reabsorption of
contrast from urinary space
Statin use and post-operative AKI
Statin usevs
Statin non-use
Less perioperative
AKI
associates
Molnar A, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012
Brunelli S, et al. Am J Med 2012
Statin not heldvs
Statin held
Lower levelsUrine IL-18
Urine NGAL
Urine KIM-1
Plasma NGAL
Urine L-FABP
Urine albumin
associates
Molnar A, Parikh C et al. Ann Thorac Surg 2014
Meta-analysis 13 RCTs Lee JM et al. PLOS ONE Nov 2014
3.6% 8.3%
50% relative risk reduction in AKI
High-Dose Statin Pre-treatment to Prevent
Contrast Induced AKI
Can statins cause
Acute Kidney Injury
through drug-drug
interactions?
Cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 3A4 metabolized statins:
Atorvastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin
Cyp3A4 Statin +
Clarithromycin or
Erythromcyin(n = 75,000)
vs.
Cyp3A4 Statin +
Azithromcyin(n = 68,000)
associates
A higher risk of
Rhabdomyolysis
Acute Kidney Injury
Hyperkalemia
Mortality
Patel A et al. Ann Intern Med 2013
Blight
↑ risk
Benefit
↓ risk
Benign
no effect
Statins and Acute Kidney Injury
In a large observational study
analysis, high dose (vs. low dose)
statin associated a higher risk of
AKI
In RCTs of chronic
statin use, no
effect on AKI risk
High dose statin
before radiocontrast
prevents AKI
(renoprotective)
Statin + drug which inhibits
statin metabolism associates
with a higher risk of AKI
Diagnosis and Staging
• Damage, Furosemide Stress Test
• Jay Koyner, Univ of Chicago
• Sepsis Associated AKI
• Pathology
• Joseph Gaut
Biomarkers
Active Surveillance
Recognition of AKI
Glomerular Filtration • Serum Creatinine• Blood urine Nitrogen • Serum Cystatin C• Plasma NGAL
Glomerular Injury• Urine albumin excretion
Proximal Tubule Injury•Urine IL-18•Urine KIM-1•Urine L-FABP•Urine Cystatin C•α1-microglobulin•β2-microglobulin•Urine α-GST•Urine Netrin-1•Urine NAG
Loop of Henle Injury•Uromodulin
Distal Tubule•Urine NGAL•Urine π-GST
Biomarkers in Relation to Site of Injury in
Nephron
Other Mechanisms / Sites of Injury not specific to the Nephron•Hepcidin – Iron trafficking•TIMP-2/ IGFBP7 – G1 cell cycle arrest
Adapted from
Koyner and Parikh-
Brenner and
Rector’s The
Kidney – In press
2014
New Biomarker and Outcome
AUC>90%
No Yes
YesNo
Biomarker Not Helpful
Good Classifier
NRI/IDIChange in AUC/C-Index
Not A Good Classifier
Multivariate Association (OR/RR)
Clinically and Statistically Significant
Check incremental valueon existing clinical models
Simplified Framework for Biomarker Analysis
ROC Analysis
Slide courtesy
of Chirag
Parikh- but
then modified
10th ADQI Consensus Conference
• Increasing enthusiasm to include biomarkers in assessment panel in patients with AKI
“Subclinical AKI”
No functional changes or damage
Damage without loss of function
Loss of function without damage
Damage with loss of function
BiomarkerNegative
BiomarkerPositive
CreatinineNegative
CreatininePositive
Adapted from Endre, Kellum Koyner Goldstein et al Contrib Neph 2013- Courtesy of Steve Coca
TIMP-2 *IGFBP7-FDA Approved 2014
Bihorac et al AJRCCM 2014
Sapphire LTFU: Death or RRT
Koyner J, et al. JASN e-pub 22 Jan 2014 (doi:10.1681/ASN.2014060556)
Back to Basics: Actually Looking at Urine
Perazella et al CJASN 2010, Bagshaw et al NDT 2012
• 77 patients multi-center trial
• Challenging those with early AKI w/ a one
time dose of:
– 1 mg/ kg (loop naïve)
– 1.5 mg/kg (prior loop exposure)
• Exam Urine output following FST
Furosemide Stress Test (FST) Results
Outcome AUC (SE) P-value
Progress to AKIN 3
0.87 (0.09)
<0.001
RRT 0.86 (0.08)
0.001
Inpatient Mortality
0.70 (0.09)
0.02
Progress or Death
0.81 (0.06)
<0.001
Chawla and Koyner et al. Crit Care 2013
Prediction of Progression to Stage 3: N=25 (32%)
Prediction of Inpatient RRT: n=11(14%)
PATHOLOGY OF SEPTIC AKI
Joseph P. Gaut, MD, PhD
DEFINING THE PATHOLOGY OF KIDNEY INJURY IN SEPSIS
What are the histomorphologic changes that occur in kidneys from patients dying of sepsis?
What is the extent of acute kidney injury in septic patients?
Do these changes correlate with the need for dialysis in septic patients?
STUDY DESIGN○ Septic patients who died in surgical/medical intensive care
units were studied.
○ Sepsis was defined as microbiologically-proven, clinically-proven, or suspected infection and presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
○ Sepsis was confirmed by post-mortem examination of tissues.
○ Patients with pre-existing dialysis-dependent renal failure were excluded.
○ All tissues were obtained at the bedside within 30-180 minutes of death.
○ Control kidneys were obtained from patients undergoing nephrectomy for renal cancer.
○ Additional control kidneys were obtained from patients who underwent nephrectomy for trauma.
PATIENT CHARACTERISTICSSepsis (n = 39) Controls (n =20)
Age (mean, range) 67 (18-94) 56 (26-76)
Gender (M/F) 24/20 22/7
Days of sepsis 4, 1-40
Acute Kidney Injury 36/39 0
Dialysis 14/36
Sites of infection
Intrapelvic abscess 4
Catheter 3
Necrotizing fasciitis 2
Osteomyelitis 1
Pneumonia 27
Peritonitis 19
Retroperitoneal abscess 1
UTI 2
HISTOLOGY OF KIDNEYS FROM SEPTIC PATIENTS
Control Septic
• Cytoplasmic blebbing is a common feature of kidney injury in sepsis.
• Autophagosomes are also frequently seen in septic kidney injury.
QUANTITATION OF KIDNEY INJURY
p = 0.06
p = 0.008
KIM-1 IN HUMAN SEPSIS
Control Sepsis
QUANTITATION OF KIM-1 STAINING
SEPTIC KIDNEY INJURY
Acute tubular injury occurs in human patients dying of sepsis.
Apoptosis occurs, but is rare.
Severity and extent of ischemic injury correlate with dialysis in human septic patients.
% KIM-1 immunostaining correlates with dialysis in human septic patients.
Reversibility and
Optimization
• Novel Therapies of AKI
• Remote ischemic preconditioning
• Christine Hsu
Targeted Interventions
Focus on Recovery
Response for AKI
Remote Ischemic Preconditioning
May Reduce Acute Kidney Injury
and Myocardial Injury in Children
Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
Christine Hsu, Matthew Toma, Ronit Katz, Cassianne
Robinson-Cohen, Bryan Kestenbaum, Yuk Law,
Jonathan Himmelfarb
Remote Ischemic Preconditioning (RPC)
Kharbanda et al. Lancet 2009; 374: 1557-65
Previous Studies
Authors N Results after RPC (Compared to Control)
Cheung (2006) 37 troponin I, TNF-a, inotrope requirementIL-10
Zhou (2010) 60 troponin I, CK, CK-MB, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a lung compliance, IL-10
Luo (2011) 60 troponin I, CK-MB
Pavione (2012) 22 pro-BNPNo difference in troponin I, IL-8, IL-10
Jones (2013) 39 No difference in plasma troponin I, NGAL
Pedersen (2012) 105 AKI (RIFLE) from 59% to 50% (p>0.2)No difference in plasma cystatin C, plasma or urine NGAL
McCrindle (2014) 299 No difference in creatinine, cystatin
Methods
• Double-blind randomized controlled trial
– Randomized to RPC vs control
– Stratified by age and surgical complexity
(RACHS)
• Intervention:
– RPC: Lower-limb ischemia (4 cycles of 5 min,
using a BP cuff inflated to 15 mmHg above
SBP)
– Control: Deflated BP cuff over lower-limb
Results – RIPC for AKI
AKI Definition Control (%) RPC (%)
50% PlasmaCreatinine
20 (51.3%) 16 (35.6%)
50% PlasmaCystatin C
4 (10.3%) 3 (6.7%)
Renal Support
Modality
Dose and Intensity
• Timing and modality of RRT
• Martin Gallagher,
• Univ of MelbourneTiming of
intervention
Timing: RENAL study
• RENAL study sub-study• 439 participants• Analysed time:
• RIFLE “Injury” criteria to CRRT initiation (randomization)
• Regression models analysing impact of this time upon outcomes• Adjusted for covariates
• Time divided by quartiles:• < 7.1• 7.1 - 17.6• 17.6 - 46• ≥ 46 hrs
Timing of Initiation of RRT in RENAL Study
Timing: RENAL unadjusted survival
Timing: what about Urea in RENAL
RENAL study: conclusions
There may be a signal in favour or earlier treatment
Late dialysed patients in the ICU are systematically different to other patients
• Adjustment is unlikely to be complete
Urea is probably a better marker of mortality than time from “injury” to dialysis
Effect size does not appear large
• Separation between groups is large by clinical standards
Is ‘risk homeostasis’ at play here?
Ability to identify the late starters?
The nature of decision making
AKI at ASN Kidney Week 2014Rehabilitation
Referral
Active Interventions
• Outcomes• Chi Yuan Hsu
• Austin StackFollow up
Increased Risk of Elevated BP after AKI
Division of Nephrology
Chi-yuan Hsu, Raymond K. Hsu, Jingrong Yang,
Juan D. Ordonez, Sijie Zheng, Alan S. Go
2014 ASN Kidney Week
Philadelphia, PA
Saturday, November 15, 2014
Division of Nephrology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
AKI Severity
Adjusted* OR Ratio (95% CI) for elevated BP post discharge
180 days(N=40,861)
365 days(N=42,845)
540 days(N=43,407)
730 days(N=43,611)
AKI vs no AKI
1.40 (1.28 - 1.54)
1.36 (1.25 - 1.49)
1.27 (1.17 - 1.39)
1.22 (1.12 - 1.33)
Stage 1 AKI vs no AKI
1.23 (1.10-1.37)
1.21 (1.09-1.34)
1.13 (1.02-1.26)
1.09 (0.98-1.21)
Stage 2 AKI vs no AKI
1.66(1.33-2.08)
1.53 (1.23-1.90)
1.51 (1.22-1.87)
1.45 (1.17-1.79)
Stage 3 AKI vs no AKI
2.18 (1.74-2.74)
2.17 (1.73-2.71)
1.89 (1.51-2.37)
1.82 (1.45-2.29)
*Adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, last ambulatory SBP and DBP, smoking status, DM, CHF, CHD, last ambulatory eGFR and proteinuria.
Results
Patterns of Recovery from Acute Kidney Injury and Risk of Progression in the Irish Population
Austin G Stack, Els H Gillis, Mohamed Elsayed,
Hoang T Nguyen, Ailish Hannigan, Patrick T. Murray,
Howard Johnson, Liam F. Casserly and John P Ferguson.
Methods
• Laboratory data from two Irish regional systems linked with Dialysis registers and National Mortality files
• Record matching based on probabilistic algorithm using the EM algorithm with 99% probability of match
• Median baseline creatinine determined prior to index AKI event within a 3 month window (71 % of patients)
• Where no creatinine record available (29%) prior to AKI event, we used post AKI test median, and 2 day post test minimum
• Lab data collection from 1999-2014 in the Irish Midwest and 2005-2011 in the Irish Northwest
Severity of AKI and Relative Risk for Death and 50% Decline in eGFR
1.00 3.40 4.39 5.25 6.481.00
10.04
22.76
57.89
101.19
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
no AKI(referent)
Transient Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Death 50% Decline in eGFR
Rela
tive R
isk
Model included: age, sex, location of initial supervision, country of residence, baseline eGFR pre-AKI event, haemoglobin, serum albumin
Recovery Status and Relative Risk for Death, Dialysis and Advanced CKD
1.00
3.84 4.26
6.51
4.16
1.00
2.78
6.21
9.88
1.271.001.95
4.94
27.23
2.31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
no AKI (referent) Full Recovery Partial Recovery Failure toRecover
Unknown
Death Dialysis Advanced CKD (eGFR<10 ml/min)
Rela
tive R
isk
Model included: age, sex, location of initial supervision, country of residence, baseline eGFR pre-AKI event, haemoglobin, serum albumin
Recommended