Active Transportation & Public Health · 2011-07-26 · Active Transportation & Public...

Active Transportation & Active Transportation &

Public HealthPublic Health

German Marshall Fund Transatlantic German Marshall Fund Transatlantic

Cities Network Oakland MeetingCities Network Oakland Meeting

Sandra Witt, DrPHSandra Witt, DrPH

Deputy Director of Planning, Policy and Health EquityDeputy Director of Planning, Policy and Health Equity

Alameda County Public Health DepartmentAlameda County Public Health Department

Race and Racism Matter: Race and Racism Matter: Race and Racism Matter: Race and Racism Matter: Race and Racism Matter: Race and Racism Matter: Race and Racism Matter: Race and Racism Matter: Health Inequities by Race/EthnicityHealth Inequities by Race/EthnicityHealth Inequities by Race/EthnicityHealth Inequities by Race/EthnicityHealth Inequities by Race/EthnicityHealth Inequities by Race/EthnicityHealth Inequities by Race/EthnicityHealth Inequities by Race/Ethnicity

2.3 years4.9 years

7.8 years

Income Matters: Income Matters: Income Matters: Income Matters: Income Matters: Income Matters: Income Matters: Income Matters: Health Inequities by Neighborhood & HH PovertyHealth Inequities by Neighborhood & HH PovertyHealth Inequities by Neighborhood & HH PovertyHealth Inequities by Neighborhood & HH PovertyHealth Inequities by Neighborhood & HH PovertyHealth Inequities by Neighborhood & HH PovertyHealth Inequities by Neighborhood & HH PovertyHealth Inequities by Neighborhood & HH Poverty

Life Expectancy at Birth by Neighborhood

Poverty, Alameda County

68

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

<10% 10-19.9% 20-29.9% 30+%

Neighborhood Poverty Group

Lif

e E

xp

ect

an

cy (

Years

)

Source: Alameda County vital statistics files, 2001-2005.

The Obesity EpidemicThe Obesity Epidemic

Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsObesity Trends Among U.S. Adults

BRFSS, 1990BRFSS, 1990

No Data <10% 10%–14%

*BMI ≥30, or ~30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” female

Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsObesity Trends Among U.S. Adults

BRFSS, 1994BRFSS, 1994

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsObesity Trends Among U.S. Adults

BRFSS, 1997BRFSS, 1997

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20

Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsObesity Trends Among U.S. Adults

BRFSS, 2000BRFSS, 2000

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20

Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsObesity Trends Among U.S. Adults

BRFSS, 2004BRFSS, 2004

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsObesity Trends Among U.S. Adults

BRFSS, 2007BRFSS, 2007

<10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%-29% ≥30%

11

24

33

13

2018

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

White Latino African

American

Asian/PI All Races Alameda

County

Source: CHIS 2003

Adult Obesity by Race/Ethnic Group, Adult Obesity by Race/Ethnic Group,

Oakland Oakland

10

23

7

18

4

30

0

10

20

30

40

Obesity Diabetes

Perc

en

tag

e o

f A

du

lts

< HS Education HS Education >HS Education

Adult Obesity and Diabetes Prevalence

by Education Level, Oakland

Source: CHIS 2003

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Piedm

ont

Pleas

anto

nFr

emon

tAla

med

aD

ublin

Cas

tro V

alle

y

San L

orenz

oLive

rmore

New

ark

San L

eand

roEm

eryvil

leH

ayw

ard

Oak

land

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

% Overweight% Poverty

Obesity and Poverty in Alameda

County School Districts 2000-2003

The Neighborhood ContextThe Neighborhood Context

Land Use PatternsLand Use Patterns

Mega-Mileage Moms

•Average minutes per day spent in car:

- Women overall: 64 minutes

- Single mothers: 75 minutes

Surface Transportation Policy Project: 2000

Overall: Compared to 1969

Americans drive:

- 88% farther to shop

- 137% farther for errands

•Family “chauffeur”

�� Percent of Percent of children who children who walk or bike to walk or bike to school:school:

�� 1974: 1974: 66%66%

�� 2000: 2000: 13%13%(CDC, 2000)(CDC, 2000)

We have changed

how much we

walk or bike

““People who live in People who live in

neighborhoods with a mix of neighborhoods with a mix of

shops and businesses shops and businesses

within easy walking distance within easy walking distance

have a 35% lower risk of have a 35% lower risk of

obesity.obesity.””

Larry Frank, et al, American Journal of Preventative Medicine

Land Use Pattern Affects Travel—Higher

Density Can Reduce Vehicle Trips

Land Use Pattern Affects TravelLand Use Pattern Affects Travel——Higher Higher

Density Can Reduce Vehicle TripsDensity Can Reduce Vehicle Trips

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0

Density in Units/Acre

Tri

ps /

Ho

useh

old

(A

DT

)

MTC 1990 Household Travel Survey

Vehicle Trips

Walking Trips

Significant reduction as we go from

3-4 units/acre to over 20 units/acre

SafetySafety

Includes adults who report no light, moderate, or vigorous physical activity

Source: California Health Interview Survey

Percent Adults Who Report Being Inactive,

by Race/Ethnicity

4.55.3

8.0

9.1

0

2

4

6

8

10

White Latino Asian/PI Af Amer

Physical Activity Varies by IncomePhysical Activity Varies by IncomePhysical Activity Varies by IncomePhysical Activity Varies by IncomePhysical Activity Varies by IncomePhysical Activity Varies by IncomePhysical Activity Varies by IncomePhysical Activity Varies by Income

Availability of Space for Physical Activity Availability of Space for Physical Activity Availability of Space for Physical Activity Availability of Space for Physical Activity Availability of Space for Physical Activity Availability of Space for Physical Activity Availability of Space for Physical Activity Availability of Space for Physical Activity Varies by IncomeVaries by IncomeVaries by IncomeVaries by IncomeVaries by IncomeVaries by IncomeVaries by IncomeVaries by Income

Source: CHIS 2003

1614

7 7

0

5

10

15

20

Not Safe to Exercise

Outdoors in Neighborhood

No Place to Walk or

Exercise Near HomePerc

en

tag

e o

f A

du

lts

Oakland Alameda County

Neighborhood Safety and Availability of Neighborhood Safety and Availability of

Places to Walk/Exercise, OaklandPlaces to Walk/Exercise, Oakland

Annual Motor VehicleAnnual Motor Vehicle--related related

Pedestrian Injuries or DeathsPedestrian Injuries or Deaths

January

1996-March

2007

Creating Opportunities for Creating Opportunities for

Improved HealthImproved Health

��Collective responsibility to create safe and Collective responsibility to create safe and healthy neighborhoods for our residents.healthy neighborhoods for our residents.

��Effective strategies:Effective strategies:�Health Impact Assessments (e.g. Estuary Specific Plan)

�Higher density, mixed use, more pedestrian and bike friendly communities

�Neighborhood-based planning

�Community-oriented policing

��LowLow--income communities of color, which are income communities of color, which are suffering from the worst outcomes, must be suffering from the worst outcomes, must be prioritized for improvementsprioritized for improvements