Acknowledgement

Acknowledgement

Any survey work is impossible with out any support of expert and professional and that study is not an exception. Therefore First of all I would like to express my deep sense indebted to Dr. Meenakshi Srivastava. Head of the department of zoology university of Lucknow. This able guidance encouragement and timely suggestion provided me incentive to work on the problem assigned to me.Thanks are more than due to Dr.Nirupma Agarwal professor of zoology department for providing the necessary facilities in the department. I am highly thankful to Dr.A.M.Sexena professor of zoology department. Finally, I am especially indebted to Dr. Amita Kanuajia lecturer of zoology department who have not only blessed me but also remained a tower of strength for inspiration and encouragement.

Reena Devi808024

M.sc.final(zoology)University of Lucknow

• Protozoa classification (Levine et al (1980) ).• Life cycle of different protozoan parasites.

Gereral characters-1. These are microscopic, animalcule but few are visible

to the unaided eyes.• Spherical , amoeboid ,ovoid ,spindle, cup shaped.• Body is a cellular.• Free living.• Protoplasm, differentiated into ectoplasm, endoplasm.• Nutrition may be holozoic (animal like),

halophytic(plant like), saprophytic.• Locomotion by

pseudopodia(rhiopoda),flagella(mastigophora),cilia(ciliata).8. protozoans two type of nuclei(macronucleus)and nucleus(dimorphic).

SARCOMASTIGOPHORALABYRINTHOMORPHA

APICOMPLEXAMICROSPORAASCETOSPORA

MYXOZOA

CILIOPHORA

*

SUBPHYLUM

MASTIGOPHORA

OPALINATA

SARCODINA

CL PHYTOMASTIGOPHORA A O- EUGLENIDA Ex- Euglena

S o- DINOFLAGELLIDA Ex- Noctiluca

S ZOOMASTIGOPHORAo-KINETOPLASTIDA Ex-Trypanosoma, Leishmania

o-DIPLOMONADIDA Ex-Giardia

o-TRICHOMONADIDA Ex- Trichomonas

class-OPALINATEA

Order-OPALINIDAe.g OPLINA

SUPERCLASS –RhizopodaCLoboseaL suA b Gymnamoebia

o-Amoebeda Ex-AmoebaS cl Arcellinida Ex-Arcella S assGranuloreticulasea

o-Foramanifrida Ex- Polystomella (Elphidium)

CLASS

SPOROZOEAGregarina

s. O-Gregarinida Ex-Monocystis, GregarinaC.Coccidia

o-Eococcidida Ex- Plasmodium, Eimeria

CLASS

KINETOFRAGMINOPHOREAS.C.-VESTIBULIFEREA

o-TRICHOSTOMATIDA Ex-Balantidium

S.C.-SUCTORIA

o-SUCTORIDA Ex- Ephelota

POLYMENOPHORAS.C - SPIROTRICHIA

o- HETEROTRICHIDA Ex- Stentor , Nyctotherus

OLIGOMENOPHORAS.C.-HYMENOSTOMATIAO-HYMENOSTOMATIDIA EX- ParameciumS.C PERITRICHIA

o-PERITRICHIDA Ex- Vorticella

SARCOMASTIGOPHORA

• Simple nucleus.• Locomotion through Flagella, Pseudopodia.• Reproduction through Syngamy

S.P-MASTIGOPHORA

• Commonly called flagellate.• Locomotion through flagellum.• Body covered with pellicle.• Nutrition may be Holophytic, Saprozoic,

Holozoic.

CLASS. PHYTOMASTIPHORA

• Presence of Chromatophore.• Nutrition may be Holophytic or Mixiotrophic.• Paramylon is reserve food.• Reproduction take place by longitudinal

binary fission.

ORDER EUGLENIDA• Body covered with Pellicle.• One or two flagella.• Nutrition holophytic or saprozoic.• Reproduction by longitudinal binary

fission.e.g. Euglena.

CLASS ZOOMASTIGOPHORA

• Absence of Chromatophores.• Two or more flagella.• Holozoic or saprozoic nutrition.• Reproduction through binary fission.

ORDER- KINETOPLASTIDA

• Mostly parasitic.• Nutrition holozoic or saprozoic.• Reprodution by binary fissioin.• Mostly pathogenic (disease causing in

man and domestic animal).e.g. Trypanosoma.

SUBPHYLUM-OPALINATA

• Body covered with cilia.• Monomorphic nuclei are present.• Reproduction by symmetogenic.• Endoparasite in large intestine of frog.e.g. Opalina.

SUB-PHYLUM SARCODINA

• Locomotion and feeding by pseudopodia.• Body is amoeboid.• Single nucleus.• Nutrition is holozoic, Saprozoic.• Reproduction by binary fission.

OREDER-AMOEBIDA

• Body is amoeboid.• Naked without Skelton.• Test or shell absent.e.g. Amoeba.

ORDER-ARCELLINIDA

• Body enclosed in one chambered shell.• Lobose pseudopodia.• Fresh water forms.e.g. Arcella.

PHYLUM-APICOMPLEXA

• Apical complex.• Consisting of polar ring, rhoptries,

micronemes, conoid.• Cilia absent.• Reproduction by syngamy.

ORDER-GREGARINIDA

• Mature trophozoites large and extra cellular.

• Reproduction by sexual with sporogony.• Spore contains eight sporozoites.e.g. Monocystis.

ORDER-EOCOCCIDIDA

• Trophozoite is intracellular.• Parasite of vertebrates, insect, worms.e.g. Plasmodium, Eimeria.

ORDER-MICROSPORIDA

• Spores are unicellular.• Intra cellular in arthropods and

vertebrates.e.g. Nosema bombycis, caused Pebrine disease in silkworm larvae.

PHYLUM-CILIOPHORA

• Simple and compound cilia.• Two types of nuclei.• Reproduction by conjugation,Autogamy,

Cytogamy.e.g. Paramecium,Balantidium

NOCTILUCA

Phylum Protozoa

Mastigophora

Sacrodina CiliataOpalinateeg-opalina Sporozoa

PHYTOMASTIGOPHOREA ZOOMASTIGOPHOREA

1-CHRYSOMONADIDA 1-CHAONOFLAGELLIDA Eg-Chrysamaeda eg- Proterospongia2-CRYPTOMONADIDA 2-RHIZOMASTIGIDA Eg-Cryptomonas eg-Mastigamoeba3-DINOFLAGELLIDA 3-KINETOPLASTIDA Eg-Ceratium ,Noctiluca eg-Leishmania4-EUGLENIDA 4-DIPLOMONADIDAEg- Euglena eg- Giardia 5- VOLVOCIDA 5-TRICHOMONADIDA Eg-Volvox Pandorina 6- HYPERMASTIGIDA 6- CHLOROMONADIDA eg- TrichonymphaEg-Vacuolaria

SUPER CLASS 3- SARCODINA(GR..SARCOS=FLESHY, PODOS=FOOT)classesHYDRAULEA AUTOTRACTEA

1-AMOEBIDA 1-PROTEOMYXIDA Eg- Amoeba, eg-Pseudospora Entamoeba 2-HELIOZODA 2-ARCELLINIDA eg-ActinophrysEg-Arcella,difflugia 3-RADIOLARIDA3-MYCETOZOIDA eg-ThalassicolaEg-Badhamia 4-FORAMANIFERIDA eg-Elphidium

TELOSPOREA CNIDOSPOREA ACNIDOSPOREA

1-MYXOSPORIDA 1-TOXOPLASMIDA1-GREGARINIDIA eg-Myxobolus eg-ToxoplsmaEg-Monocystis Myxidium GREGARINA 2- COCCIDIA 2-MICROSPORIDA 2-HAPLOSPORIDA Eg-Eimeria eg-Nosema eg-HaplasporidiumIsopora Ictrhyosporidium3-HAEMOSPORIDIAEg-Plasmodium

HOLOTRICHEA PERITRICHEA SUCTOREA SPIROTRICHEA

1-GYMNOSTOMATIDA 1-PERITRICHIDA 1-SUCTORIDA 1-HETEROTRICHIDAEgProrodon eg-Vorticella eg-Ephelota eg Nyctotherus2-TRICHOSTOMATIDA Podophrya 2-OLIGOTRICHIDAEg-Balantidium eg-Strombidium 3-CHONOTRICHIDA 3-HYPOTRICHIDAEg-Spirochona eg-Stylonychia4-ASTOMATIDAEg-Anoplophyra5-HYMENSTOMATIDAEg-Paramoecium

1- SARCOMASTIGOPHORA2- APICOMPLEXA 3- MICROSPHORA

NOT 4- ASCETOSPORA CONSIDERED 5- MYXOZOA6- CILIOPHORA (e.g-Balantidium, Nyctotherus)

MASTIGOPHORA OPALINATE SARCODINACLASS (AMOEBAE)ZOOMASTIGOPHORA

ORDERKINETOPLASTIDA RETORTAMONADIDA DIPLOMONADIDA TRICHOMONADIDAeg- Chilomastix, eg- Giardia eg-Trichomonas,S.O Retortamonas Dientamoeba

.TRYPANOSOMATINAEg.– Trypanosoma, Leishmania

RHIZOPODAEg,-Entamoeba,

Naegleria

class

Sporozoeaeg-Monocystis eg -Isopora, eg -Babesia,Toxoplasma, Theileria

Plasmodium.

1. 2. 3

GREGARINIA COCCIDIA PIROPLASMIA

• Levine et al (1980).• J.D.Smith.• K.K.Tripathi.

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