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Access to Trade and Growth of Women’s SMEs
in APEC Developing Economies
Carol YostThe Asia Foundation
Women’s Empowerment Program
2 September 2013
Indonesia ∙ Malaysia ∙ Philippines ∙ Thailand
Research Methodology Quantitative research
Survey questionnaire
Malaysia• 92 SMEs• 55 exporting SMEs• ~50% female, ~50% male• Area-based quota sampling
Thailand• 80 SMEs• 56 exporting SMEs• ~50% female, ~50% male• Stratified random sampling
Philippines• 100 SMEs• 50 exporting SMEs• ~50% female, ~50%
male• Area-based quota
sampling & simple random sampling
Qualitative researchAll Study Economies
• Semi-structured interviews• Focus group discussions • Case studies of female entrepreneurs
Indonesia• 108 SMEs• 42 exporting SMEs• ~50% female, ~50%
male• Area-based quota
sampling & simple random sampling
Areas of Research Focus
Economic and Financial Barriers
Government and Policy Barriers
Social Support Barriers
Most Challenging Part of the Loan Application Process in Indonesia
0 20 40 60 80 100Percentage
Female Owner
Male Owner
Learning about types and sources of loans High interest rate
Finding a moneylender Completing application paperwork
Developing a business plan Getting collateral
Proving ownership of collateral
Waiting time for loan approval
Agreeing with business partners
Other
Finance & Loans Findings
• Complexity of the loan application process is a key problem for womenowned SMEs across all countries surveyed.
12%
41%
3.5%
13%
8.1%
2.3%
7%
14% 8.1%
38%
3.5%
21%
5.8%
1.2%3.5%
19%
Male Owner Female Owner
Learning about types of loans High interest rates
Finding a lender Completing application paperwork
Developing a business plan Getting Collateral
Waiting time for approval Other
Most Challenging Part of The Loan Process: Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand
Employee Hiring and TrainingFindings
• Among women and men business owners employee hiring and training was cited as their primary business challenge.
26%
37%
7%
10%
3%
9%
8%
21%
40%
7%
11%
2%
13%
7%
Male Owner Female Owner
Physical space Hiring and training
Business licensing Access to capitalAccess to technology/assets Relationships with clientsOther
Primary Business Challenge: All SMEs
TechnologyFindings
• Women firm owners lag behind men in their knowledge and use of technology
Awareness of Technologies that Would Make Business More Profitable
0.2
.4.6
.81
Me
an o
f Aw
are
nes
s
Philippines Malaysia Thailand Indonesia
Male
Owne
r
Female
Owne
r
Male
Owne
r
Female
Owne
r
Male
Owne
r
Female
Owne
r
Male
Owne
r
Female
Owne
r
Are you aware of Technologies that would make your Business more Profitable?
Employee Hiring and Training Findings
• Women owners hire more women than men owners.
Average Firm Size by Frequency of Interactions with Formal Networks 0
20
40
60
Pe
rcen
tage
of F
em
ale
Em
ploy
ees
Philippines Malaysia Thailand Indonesia
CorruptionFindings
• Informal payments are a problem for all business owners, especially in the Philippines.
0 20 40 60 80 100percent
Thailand
Malaysia
Philippines
Severe Problem Moderate ProblemMinor Problem No Problem
Perceptions of Severity of Informal Payments Problem: By APEC Economy
Government Support Findings
• Women business owners in Malaysia and Thailand perceived low levels of government support.
0 20 40 60 80 100percent
Female Owner
Male Owner
Very Supportive Somewhat SupportiveIndifferent Unsupportive/Hostile
How Supportive is Government of Businesses Like Yours?: All SMEs Malaysia
Recommendations• Government:
– Improve access to business information and government officials
– Support business associations– Reduce corruption by government officials– Simplify licensing processes– Address crime and safety issues
• Private Sector– Public-private dialogues
– Partner with business associations (e.g. training)– Sponsor networking and mentorship programs
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