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International ConferenceBelgrade, 13th-14th October 2015
GENDER EQUALITY IN DEFENCE SYSTEM
ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND TRENDS
Abstract Proceedings
Ministry of Defence republic of serbia
International ConferenceABSTRACT PROCEEDINGS
GENDER EQUALITY IN DEFENCE SYSTEM– ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND TRENDS
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE:President Assoc.Prof.Dr.JovankaŠaranović
Members Mag. Tatjana Višacki (Organising Committee Secretary) LtColDr.MiljanMilkić,ResearchAssociate UrošŽivković,MA LtColMag.SvetlanaJanković Assoc.Prof.Dr.StanislavStojanović Dr.MilanTerzić,SeniorResearchAssociate
The Conference is organized by StrategicResearchInstituteMinistry of DefenceRepublicofSerbiaNeznanogjunaka38,Belgrade
Printed by__________________
Compiled byMag. Tatjana VišackiLtColDr.MiljanMilkić
Number of copies60
ISBN 978-86-81121-13-9
PrintingofthisProceedingswassupportedbyUNDPSEESACthroughtheproj-ect“StrengtheningofRegionalCooperationinGenderMainstreaminginSecu-ritySectorReformintheWesternBalkans“,whichisfundedbytheNorwegianMinistryofForeignAffairs,SwedishArmedForcesandUNDPSerbia.
Theviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonot necessarilyrepresentthoseoftheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionoftheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeconcerning1)thelegalstatusofanycountry,territoryorarea,orofitsauthori-ties;or2)thedelineationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.
3
Contents
PREFACEbyAssoc.Prof.Dr.JovankaŠaranović,DirectorofStrategicResearchInstitute, GenderadvisortotheDefenceMinister 9
KEYNOTEbyRearAdmiralLouiseDedichen,HeadoftheNorwegianDefence University College 11
SnežanaKresoja,AdvisortothePresidentoftheAPVojvodinaAssemblyROLE OF THE AP VOJVODINA ASSEMBLY IN PROCESSES OF INSTITUTIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF GENDER DEMOCRACY: 2000-2015 11
StojankaLekić,PresidentoftheCommitteeonGenderEqualityTHE ROLE OF THE WOMEN’S PARLIAMENTARY NETWORK OF THE ASSEMBLY OF THE AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF VOJVODINA IN STRENGTHENING THE SECURITY CAPACITIES OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES – “LOCALISATION” OF THE NAP (NATIONAL ACTION PLAN) FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RESOLUTION 1325 12
AcsádyJudit,Ph.D.,InstituteforSociology,HungarianAcademyofSciences,BudapestVOICES OF PEACE AND FREEDOM. CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL WOMEN’S ORGANIZATIONS TO THE UN SC RESOLUTION 1325 12
Assoc.Prof.Dr.GordanaGasmi,InstituteofComparativeLaw,Belgrade,FacultyofMediaandCommunications,SingidunumUniversityBelgradeDr.DraganaPetrović,InstituteofComparativeLaw,BelgradeEUROPEAN CORNERSTONES ON WOMEN HUMAN RIGHTS–CASE STUDY OF SERBIA 14
4
FullProf.Dr.NevenaPetrušić,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofNišTHE ROLE OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR PROTECTION OF EQUALITY IN PREVENTION OF THE GENDER-BASED DISCRIMINATION 15
Mag.DraganKnežević,DepartmentofGenderEqualityofMinistryofLabour,Employment,VeteransandSocialAffairsoftheRepublicofSerbia GENDER EQUALITY IN CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLLICABLE IN ARMED CONFLICTS (OVERVIEW) 16
ResearchProfessorMarinaHughson,Ph.D.,InstituteofCriminologicalandSociologicalResearch,BelgradeGENDER MAINSTREAMING IN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT AND RESILIENCE BUILDING: CONTEXTUALIZING INTERNATIONAL GOOD PRACTICES INTO THE BALKANS 18
MuhamedSmajić,Ph.D.,SecretaryoftheMinistryofDefenceofBosniaandHerzegovinaACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTING SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 - WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY THROUGH THE NATIONAL ACTION PLANS. PRACTICE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 19
LilianaBrožič,Ph.D.,GeneralstaffoftheSlovenianArmedForcesLtColSuzanaTkavc,Ph.D.,GeneralstaffoftheSlovenian Armed Forces WOMEN OF THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES IN THE INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS AND MISSIONS 20
CristinaRădoi,Ph.D.,GenderExpert,BucharestA GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON ROMANIAN CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS FEMALE ENGAGEMENT TEAMS A BRIDGE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND COSMOPOLITAN MILITARIES? 21
5
Col.Mag.MilivojePajović,ChiefoftheSerbianArmedForces PeacekeepingOperationsCentre,CommanderoftheSerbian Armed Forces Contingent in UN mission MINUSCA in the Central AfricanRepublicSPECIFICITIES IN MANAGING AND COMMANDING CONTINGENTS IN UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM GENDER PERSPECTIVE 22
LtColGoranTopalović,HeadofTrainingSection,PeacekeepingOperationsCentreJointOperationsCommandSAFHOW IS PEACE-BUILDING IMPLEMENTED MOST EFFECTIVELY? 23
BrigadierGeneralGordanaGarašić,M.Sc.,HeadofMilitary AffairsOffice,OfficeofthePresidentoftheRepublicofCroatiaLieutenantColonelBoženkoĐevoić,MA,HeadofEducation Department,J-1GeneralStaffoftheCroatianArmedForcesIMPLEMENTING UNSCR 1325 AND INTEGRATING GENDER PERSPECTIVE INTO CROATIAN ARMED FORCES - LESSONS LEARNED AND WAY AHEAD 24
FirstLieutenantIsabelBorkstett,BundeswehrOperationalCommunicationCentre,DepartmentofForeignAreaSpecialistsLtCol(GS)MichaelFraas,DEUMoDGENDER PERSPECTIVES IN MILITARY OPERATIONS – THE GERMAN APPROACH 26
MehmedinTahirović,Ph.D.,HeadofServiceforPublicRelationsandProtocol, Ministry of Defence, Montenegro GENDER AND SECURITY SECTOR REFORM - CHALLENGES AND EXPERIENCES. BUILDING OF THE DEFENCE SYSTEM OF MONTENEGRO AND GENDER 27
BiljanaStojković,Ph.D.,StrategicPlanningdepartment,MoDRSLtColMag.SvetlanaJanković,StrategicResearchInstitute,MoDRSSUSTAINABILITY OF FURTHER APPLICATION OF RESOLUTION 1325 IN REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 29
6
IvanZveržhanovski,Ph.D.,SEESACCoordinatorandProgrammeSpecialist,UNDPIstanbulRegionalHubBojanaBalon,M.A.,SEESACProgrammeOfficer,UNDPGENDER SENSITIZATION IN THE ARMED FORCES – THE WESTERN BALKANS EXPERIENCE 30
Dr.KsenijaĐurić-Atanasievski,MilitaryAcademy,BelgradeNatašaMrdak,PeacekeepingOperationsCentre,GeneralStaff,SAFGENDER PERSPECTIVE IN MILITARY EDUCATION 32
Asst.Prof.Dr.VanjaRokvić,FacultyofSecurityStudies,UniversityofBelgrade TAIvanDimitrijević,FacultyofSecurityStudies,UniversityofBelgradeGENDER PERSPECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION THROUGH UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES’ CURRICULUM AT THE FACULTY OF SECURITY STUDIES 33
Mag.TatjanaVišacki,StrategicResearchInstitute,MoDRSAssoc.Prof.Dr.JovankaŠaranović,StrategicResearch Institute,MoDRSINTEGRATION OF GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE DEFENCE SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA – EMPLOYEES’ VIEWS 35
DanijelaProtić,GeneralStaffofSerbianArmy,DepartmentforTelecommunicationandIT(J-6)CentreforAppliedMathematicsandElectronicsGENDER AND THE INFORMATION SECURITY PROFESSION 36
Dr.ŽanetRistovska,MinistryofDefenceofthe RepublicofMacedoniaBiljanaPopovska,MA,MinistryofDefenceofthe RepublicofMacedoniaACTIVITIES TO PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND GENDER PERSPECTIVES IN THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA WITH A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA 37
7
Assoc.Prof.StojanSlaveski,Ph.D.,EuropeanUniversity,RepublicofMacedoniaBiljanaPopovska,MA,MinistryofDefenceoftheRepublic of Macedonia EXPERIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA IN IMPLEMENTATION OF RESOLUTION 1325 OF THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL 38
LieutenantSilviaStanciu,SpecialistOfficerandGenderAdvisor,RomanianMinistryofNationalDefenceACCOMPLISHMENTS, TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES OF IMPLEMENTING UNSCR RESOLUTION 1325 IN A NATIONALLY OUTLINED SPECIFIC FRAMEWORK 39
LtColSuzanaTkavc,Ph.D.,GeneralstaffoftheSlovenianArmedForcesGENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES; REVIEW AT THE 15TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 40
UrsulaHann,HeadofUN&InternationalCooperationSectionoftheFederalMinistryofDefenceandSports,RepublicofAustriaADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN AND NON-DISCRIMINATION IN THE AUSTRIAN MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND SPORTS AND THE AUSTRIAN ARMED FORCES 42
DanijelaSpasić,Ph.D.AcademyofCriminalisticandPoliceStudies,Belgrade GENDER EQUALITY IN THE POLICE: SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES 43
Mag.SnežanaNovović,BelgradeWOMEN IN THE POLICE AND THEIR COPING WITH STRESS AS AN ASPECT OF POLICING PROFESSION 44
JelenaVidić,PsychologistGENDER BASED VIOLENCE AND NATURAL DISASTERS 46
8
Mag.HelenaRosandić,PsychiatryWard-PublicHealthInstitution, Nikšić,MontenegroGENDER IDEOLOGY IN MODERN SOCIETY AND ITS IMPACT ON MARRIAGE DYNAMICS 47
MajorDr.MilovanSubotić,StrategicResearchInstituteRELIGION AND GENDER BASED VIOLANCE 48
Dr.ZoricaMršević,InstituteofSocialSciences,BelgradeTHE PREVENTION OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE BY RAISING ACTION CAPACITY OF WOMEN - THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA AND INDEPENDENT INSTITUTIONS 50
Abstract Proceedings 2015 9
PREFACE
by
Assoc.Prof.Dr.JovankaŠaranović
DirectorofStrategicResearchInstitute
GenderadvisortotheDefenceMinister
Dearcolleagues,
ItismyhonourandpleasuretowelcomeyouonbehalfoftheMinistryof
DefenceandtheStrategicResearchInstituteastheorganizersofthetwo-
dayinternationalscientificconferencededicatedtowomenindefence.So
far,theStrategicResearchInstituteoftheMoDhasorganizedtwointerna-
tionalscientificconferencesdealingwithgenderaspect.Theconferences
arealwaysorganizedincooperationwithoneofthestrategicpartnersand
theirtimingiscarefullyarranged.Thisisthethirdconsecutiveconference.
ThefirstconferencetitledWomen in the Military was organized together
withtheOSCEmissionintheRepublicofSerbiain2006,thesecondWomen
in the Security Sector – A Regional Perspectivewasheldin2010withthefi-
nancialsupportoftheMinistryofDefenceoftheKingdomofNorway,while
the third Gender Equality in Defence System –Accomplishments and Trends is
organizedwiththeUNDPSEESAC.
From 2006 to-date, the MoD and the Serbian Armed Forces (SAF) have
achievedalot.Byacceptingthegenderequalityconceptasoneoftheirstra-
tegic orientations, the Serbian Armed Forces have committed themselves
to, in linewith their capabilities, strive towardaccomplishing thehighest
standardsinthesaidarea,relayingontheirownexperience,specificqual-
itiesoftheinheritedstatusandtrendspresentinthecountrieswhichmay
serveasrolemodelsworthemulating.
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS10
Carryingout thisundoubtedlyambitiousundertaking requiredasynchro-
nized action of a wide range of relevant stakeholders, along with a consis-
tentapplicationoftheorderandgradualismprinciple,whichfromthevery
beginningresultedinaconceptofgenderequalityobjectificationinseveral
interrelatedandmutuallydependentsteps.
Wehavedeterminedourownposition inrelationtotheprevailingglobal
trends. Theoretically,we established the area through scientific-research
projects,theresultsofwhichwereusedforadoptingcertainreformsolu-
tionsattheMoDandSAF.Oneofthemistheintroductionofeducationfor
womenattheMilitaryAcademyandtheMilitaryHighSchool.Wehavein-
creasedthelevelof informationandmotivationofwomeninthistypeof
education.TheresultshavebeenappliedintheDraftCommunicationStrat-
egyattheMoDandtheSAFinthepartdealingwiththeyoungpopulation.
Wehaveintensifiedtheadmissionofwomenintotheprofessionalmilitary
serviceandbecomeengaged inthedevelopmentand implementationof
theNAPfortheapplicationofUNSCR1325.
AtthemomentwearefinalizingtheimplementationofourfirstNAPforthe
applicationofUNSCR1325,wherebytheRSexpresseditsreadinesstocomply
withtheinternationalobligationsithasassumedandthedeterminationtoim-
plementUNSCR1325 in itspolicyanddirectlyengage in its implementation.
Today,whenthefinalreckoningsaremadeandthestrategyonfurtheractions
isbeingdeveloped,wehavegatheredtotakeprideinouraccomplishments,as-
sumeresponsibilityforthethingsthathavenotbeendone,sharebestpractices
andachievementsofothers,notonlyintheregionbutalsointheworld.
Iwouldliketothankyouallforcomingheretodaybecausetimeismoney,itis
scarceandwerarelyspenditevenwithourlovedones.Wearepresenthereto-
day,guidedbytheultimatetruth:“Evenifyouareontherighttrack,youwillget
runoverifyoujustsitthere”.Byquotinganarticlesaying:“He did nothing, except
sit and write”,Ihopethatourtwo-day“sitting”sessionwillyieldfruitfulresults.
Abstract Proceedings 2015 11
KEYNOTERear Admiral Louise DedichenHeadoftheNorwegianDefenseUniversityCollege
RearAdmiralLouiseDedichenisgoingtodulyaddressthegenderequality
situationintheNorwegianArmedForceswithaparticularemphasisonNor-
way´srecentimplementationofcompulsorymilitaryserviceforbothgen-
ders,andelaborateonhowequalityisappliedandchallengedinvariousar-
easandformsintheNorwegianMilitary.Thisbyfocusingonthesignificance
ofexplicitactionplansandgenderequalitygoalsaswellasintroducingthe
conscript´sspokesmansystem,mixedroomsandFemalesintheSpecialOp-
erationForceInitiativeinregardstogenderequality.
ROLE OF THE AP VOJVODINA ASSEMBLY IN PROCESSES OF INSTITUTIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF GENEDER DEMOCRACY: 2000-2015
ThispaperanalysestheroleoftheAPVojvodinaAssembly inprocessesof
institutionalconsolidationofgenderdemocracy,givinganoverviewofstrat-
egies, decisions and initiatives enacted and launched by theAPVojvodina
Assemblyintheperiod2000-2015,forthepurposeofcreatingthepolitical
prerequisitesforgender-sensitiveinstitutionalinfrastructureatthelocaland
provinciallevel.Byintegratinginallstrategicdocumentsthepoliticalcredoof
theconceptofhumansecurity:thatlivinginnon-violenceisafundamental,
inalienable,inviolableanduniversalhumanright,theAPVojvodinaAssembly
hasmarkedviolence–rangingfromphysicaltosymbolic-asthecauseofin-
equalityofmenandwomen.
Snežana KresojaAdvisor to the President of the AP Vojvodina Assembly
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS12
THE ROLE OF THE WOMEN’S PARLIAMENTARY NETWORK OF THE ASSEMBLY OF THE AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF VOJVODINA IN STRENGTHENING THE SECURITY CAPACITIES OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES – “LOCALISATION” OF THE NAP (NATIONAL ACTION PLAN) FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RESOLUTION 1325
Activitiesof theWomen’sParliamentaryNetworkof theAssemblyof
AP Vojvodina are focusing on: creation of institutional grounds for
buildingthesecureandsafeenvironment;strengtheningofthesecurity
capacitiesoflocalcommunities,preventionandcontrolofallformsof
gender-based violence and discrimination; strengthening of the role of
localmechanismsforgenderequality;promotionoftheimportanceof
theroleandcooperationofallinstitutionsintheprocessofprotection
andenhancementofbasichumanandminorityrights,promotionofthe
roleofwomen’scouncillornetwork.
VOICES OF PEACE AND FREEDOM. CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL WOMEN’S ORGANIZATIONS TO THE UN SC RESOLUTION 1325
100yearsago,in1915,twothousandwomendelegatesfrombelligerent
countriesinvolvedinWorldWar1foundedtheWomen’sInternational
League forPeaceandFreedom inTheHague.Theworkwasalready
Stojanka LekićPresidentoftheCommitteeonGenderEquality
Acsády Judit, Ph.D.InstituteforSociology,HungarianAcademyofSciences
Budapest
Abstract Proceedings 2015 13
prepared by several initiatives of local organizations that belonged
to the InternationalWomen’s SuffrageAlliance. The resolution that
wasacceptedattheHaguecongressclaimstheneedtostopthewar
andmakefoundationsforasustainablepeacebasedonprinciplesof
social justice, democratic institutions, respect of the autonomy of
all nations and there solution of international conflicts by peaceful
means. However the war divided women’s suffrage movements,
as some supported it, and considered it as a justified defence of
homeland.Other activists andgroupsopposed thewaron thebase
ofpacifistphilosophy.Women’srolealsochangedsignificantlyduring
thewaryears.Yet,genderrelationsinmanyaspectsbecamerestored
afterthewarinmanycountries.Theinfluenceofwomenvotersafter
thesuffragebillswereacceptedtheoreticallygavechanceforwomen
tomodifyslowlythewaysofpolitics.
The paper aims to present data about the foundations and the
activitiesoftheWILPF(Women’sInternationalLeagueforPeaceand
Freedom) and reconstruct the steps that how such organizations
couldcontributetotheworkofinternationalorganizations,e.g.the
LeagueofNationsandhowtheycontributedtothe implementation
of UNSC Resolution 1325. The paper also aims to reconstruct the
sourcesof feministpacifismduringWW1 (RózsaSchwimmer,Bertha
von Stuttner, Jane Addams) and follow their activities in the years
after the war and also discuss how women’s organizations reacted
to the peace treaties? What initiatives were taken for example in
alternative education and peaceful resolution methods? Some of
thesearepresentincontemporarypractice.
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS14
EUROPEAN CORNERSTONES ON WOMEN HUMAN RIGHTS –CASE STUDY OF SERBIA
“Women are in double jeopardy. Discriminated against as women,they are also as likely as men, if not more so,
to become victims of human rights violations…today, what unites women internationally
— transcending class, race, culture, religion, nationality and ethnic origin
— is their vulnerability to the denial and violation of their fundamental human rights,
and their dedicated efforts to claim those rights.” (Amnesty International, Human Rights are Women’s Rights)
The paper analyses European cornerstones on women human rights –
withtheinsightonsituationinSerbiarelatedtowomen’shumanrightsin
thelightofEuropeanprinciples.Women’shumanrightsareintegralpart
ofuniversalhumanrights.However,womenarede facto and de iure very
often treated unequally and therefore the phenomenon of improving
genderequality isalwayspresent.Theterm“women’shumanrights” in
itsdefinitionincludes,besidesusualapproachtouniversalhumanrights,
being an inherent part of every human being, also the application of
certainaffirmativeactionsaimedatachievingrealequalityforwomen.
Thereareseveralareasofconcernthatrequireimmediateactionandgender
equalityimprovementinordertoobtainequalopportunitiesforwomenin
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gordana GasmiInstituteofComparativeLaw,Belgrade
FacultyofMediaandCommunications,
SingidunumUniversityBelgrade
Dr. Dragana PetrovićInstituteofComparativeLaw,Belgrade
Abstract Proceedings 2015 15
granting their human rights. EUenvisages that candidate countriesmust
fully embrace the fundamental principle of equality between women
and men. Furthermore, monitoring the transposition, implementation
and enforcement of EU legislation in this area remains a priority of the
enlargementprocess.OneofthemainpoliticalprioritiesofSerbia,likeother
countriesintheregionofBalkans,istheaccessiontotheEuropeanUnion
(EU).Consequently,Serbia is to transposeEuropeanprinciplesongender
equalityandtoachievegendermainstreaminginthenationalsystem.
At the same time, Serbia, being a participating country in theOESC, has
recognized equality between men and women as a fundamental aspect
ofa just, secureanddemocratic society.Case studyofSerbia in thefield
of protectionofwomen’s human rights indicates that Serbia, as anOESC
memberstate,hasrecognizedgenderequalityaspartoftheuniversalhuman
rightsinitsConstitutionalprovisions,primarily,butalsoinitsrelevantlegal
provisions.Legal frameworkofSerbia relatedtowomen’shumanrights is
toagreatextentharmonizedwiththerelevantEuropeancornerstones.The
importanceof European cornerstones lies in the fact that they represent
important guidelines for transition countries, like Serbia, on its way to
modernization of society and of national legal framework together with
publicpolicymeasuresinthedomainofprotectionofwomen’shumanrights.
THE ROLE OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR PROTECTION OF EQUALITY IN PREVENTION OF THE GENDER-BASED DISCRIMINATION
Havingunderstoodtheimportanceofthegenderequalityprincipleinthepast
years,Serbiaestablishedthelegalandinstitutionalframeworkforsuppressing
Full Prof. Dr. Nevena PetrušićFacultyofLaw,UniversityofNiš
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS16
the gender-based discrimination. In an extensive network of institutional
mechanisms,whichparticipate in creation, implementation andmonitoring
ofregulationsandpoliciesinthefieldofgenderequality,asignificantplace
belongs to theCommissioner for Protectionof Equality, a central national
institution, specialized in prevention and suppression of all forms and
manifestationsofdiscrimination.Thispaperanalysestherangesofpreventive
and reactive roles of the Commissioner in suppressing the gender-based
discrimination,withtheaimtoinvestigatethenormativeandfactualconditions
underwhichtheCommissionerrealizeshis/herroleinpreventingthiskindof
discrimination.ThestatusandlegalprofileoftheinstitutionofaCommissioner
havebeenconsidered,aswellasthecharacteristicfeatureswhichclassifythis
body within tribunal-type equality bodies and promotion-type equality bodies.
Aspecialattentionispaidtorealizationofcomplementarytasks,assignedto
thisbodybytheLegislator.Thefollowingwasanalysed:quasi-judicialrolesof
theCommissioner,realizedbyactinguponcomplaintsinviewofgender-based
discrimination,theroleofassistanceproviderandsupporttodiscrimination
victims, realized by giving some legal information and strategic litigations, as
wellaspromotion-roleoftheCommissioner,realizedbysubmissionofreports,
making recommendations, statements and warnings and other activities for
whichhe/sheislegallyauthorizedtoundertake.
GENDER EQUALITY IN CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLLICABLE IN ARMED CONFLICTS ( OVERVIEW)1
The implementation of norms of international law applicable in
armed conflicts, namely international humanitarian law is based on
1 The views expressed in this article reflect only the author’s opinions.
Mag. Dragan KneževićDepartmentofGenderEqualityofMinistryofLabour,
Employment,VeteransandSocial
AffairsoftheRepublicofSerbia
Abstract Proceedings 2015 17
explicit and non-arguing distinctions between two sides/parties or
dichotomiesofallkinds–permissibleandnon-permissibleobjectsof
hostilities, combatantsandcivilians,neutralandbelligerents. In that
situation,internationallawhasreservedforwomen(andchildrenand
elderly, also) a place in category of civilians protectedby IVGeneva
Convention of 1949 by granting them the status of victims of war.
EvenAdditional Protocols of 1977 have (re)followed such a pattern.
However,armedconflictsoccurredattheendofXXandbeginningof
XXIcentury indicatedan increaseoffemalepresencewithinfighting
unites and groups universally (international and non-international
armed conflicts). Therefore, women, as combatants, have been in a
quiteregularpositiontobetakenasprisoners/detaineesandIIIGeneva
Convention Relative to the Prisoners ofWar regulates treatment of
women just in few articles.Women are not covered by the rules of
maritimewarfareorby IGenevaConvention for theAmeliorationof
Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces. Gender equality has not been
mainstreamedwithin international humanitarian law so far. Reasons
forthatlayprobablyinthementiondichotomypromoteddogmatically
bywhich extraction of “female factor” from one category (civilians)
to another (combatants) with possibility still to be found widely
in first group (victims of war) – complicate traditional matrix. Are
recent activitiesof theUNandadoptionofbiding legal instruments
applicable in armed conflicts way to mainstream gender issues in
internationalhumanitarianlaw?TowhatdegreedoestheConvention
ontheProhibitionoftheUse,Stockpiling,ProductionandTransferof
Anti-PersonnelMinesandontheirDestructionof1997(OttawaTreaty)
makeadifferenceintermsofgenderequalityandinternationallawin
armedconflicts?
1 The views expressed in this article reflect only the author’s opinions.
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS18
GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT AND RESILIENCE BUILDING: CONTEXTUALIZING INTERNATIONAL GOOD PRACTICES INTO THE BALKANS
This paper will make an overview of good practices from different
parts of the world, related to GM in Disaster Risk Management
(DRM) and Resilience Building (RB) and briefly discuss their possible
contextualization into the Balkans. Very often invisibility of women’s
actualcontributionindisastersriskmanagementandresiliencebuilding
stays invisibledue to theirmarginalpositionanddefinitionof “women
asvulnerablegroup”,andthus reducedtotheir “victimrole”.However,
there are many examples showing that women’s inclusion plays a key
roleinclimatechangeadaptation(CCA)anddevelopment(sectorssuch
as agriculture, education, employment, health etc. and social security
schemes).Thesepositivepracticesshouldbebroughtintolightandtaken
asastartingpointforbuildingmorecomplexandefficientschemesofGM
inDRMandRBintheBalkancontexts.Learningfromgoodpracticesisa
basisforstrengtheningexistingmechanisms/processesandestablishing
newmodesofoperation,whichwouldbemoreinclusiveofwomen.The
challengeistoformalizeandstrengthentheroleofwomeninDRMand
RB,whichactuallyarepresentinmanyways,aswellastoupgradethemin
adirectionwhichwouldbebeneficialforGMinsocietyingeneral.Forthat
taskitisimportanttoidentifythebarriersandopportunitiesthatwomen’s
socialandgenderrolesprovide,andthebestGMapproacheswithinthe
concretecontextsoftheSouthEasternEurope.GMinDRBandRBisclosely
connectedwith the twomore general goals: sustainable development
and improved governance systems. Both women’s vulnerabilities and
theircapacitieshavetobetakenintoaccount,butinamannerwhichwill
inalongruncontributetogenderequalityandsustainabledevelopment.
Women’s contribution inpost disaster relief and reconstruction should
Research Professor Marina Hughson, Ph.D.InstituteofCriminologicalandSociologicalResearch,Belgrade
Abstract Proceedings 2015 19
translate into long term improvement of their position in the society.
DRMandRBplanningona local levelneedstobefully inclusionaryfor
differentsocialgroups,andensureownershipthroughparticipation.
ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTING SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 - WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY THROUGH THE NATIONAL ACTION PLANS. PRACTICE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
TheadoptionofResolution1325impliesagreaterpresenceandparticipationof
womeninpeaceprocessesandstrengtheningmechanismsfortheprotectionand
theintroductionofelementsrelatedtogenderequalitywithinthedemocratic
system.Activitiesontheissueofgenderequality inBosniaandHerzegovina
shall be taken, inter alia, through the adoption of the Action Plan for the
implementationofResolution1325.BosniaandHerzegovinaisthefirstcountry
intheregionthathasadoptedsuchanactionplan.Therefore,thestructureof
theproblemofthispaperpresentsapracticalscaleandscopeofapplication
ofResolution1325andtheNationalActionPlan inBosniaandHerzegovina.
Implementation of the adopted Action Plan requested the involvement of
stateauthorities,aswellasanindividualaction,whichisoneofthekeyfactors
inthisprocess.Theelaborationofthematicissuesincludesananalysisphase
intheimplementationoftheActionPlaninBosniaandHerzegovinaandthe
difficultiesandchallengesinthecurrentprocess.Itisimportanttoemphasise
the elucidationof the effects of implementationof theActionPlan and to
considerrecommendationsforitsfurtherimplementation.Thus,commitment
andobjectivesaremanifestedindeclarativeandplannedway,butsignificant
participationofwomeninthefieldofsecurityisstillconnectedwiththeirposition
Muhamed Smajić, Ph.D.Secretary of the Ministry of Defence of Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS20
inthesocietybasedonprejudicesaboutwomeninthefieldofsecurityand
alsoregardingthepositionandroleofwomeninthedecision-makingprocess
thatreflectsanyformoforganizedstructures,companies,localauthoritiesor
thehighest social andpolitical authorities. Economical andmaterial factors
caninfluencethepresenceofwomeninthesecuritysector,morespecifically
ensuring necessary conditions for women’s access to organizational forms
ofaction,includingthesecuritysector.Also,oneofthefactorsthatprevents
greaterparticipationofwomeninthesecurityisthestereotypetowhichsafety
isconsideredaman’sjobandanyotheropinionmeetsthedisapprovaloffamily
and work colleagues. Therefore, awareness regarding the participation of
womeninsociallife,especiallyinthesecuritysector,iscorrelatedwithsocial
values, economic andmaterial constrains of countries. The terms that arise
fromthetitleofthesubjectthatmakeupthetheoreticalbasisoftheresearch
are:equality,gender,sex,security,discrimination,peaceandimplementation.
WOMEN OF THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES IN THE INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS AND MISSIONS
FemalepersonneloftheSlovenianArmedForces(SAF)wereinvolvedin
theinternationaloperationsandmissionsinthepastdecade.Oneofthe
majorchangeswhichraisedthequestionofwomen’s integration inthe
wholerangeoftasksresultedfromthe implementationofthenational
strategicobjectiveabouttheprovisionofnationalsecuritythroughthe
integration in the collective security system (NATO). Joining NATO in
connectionwiththeprofessionalizationoftheSAFisconsideredasa“key
stone”ofopeningthemilitarydoortoallwomenwhojoinedtheSAFto
Liliana Brožič, Ph.D.GeneralstaffoftheSlovenianArmedForces
Lt Col Suzana Tkavc, Ph.D.GeneralstaffoftheSlovenianArmedForces
Abstract Proceedings 2015 21
becomeprofessionals.Amongotherthings,thisledtothedeploymentof
womentooperationsandmissionsabroad.
WelunchedthequestionnaireforSlovenianArmedForcespersonnel.The
intentionis,togettheirviewrelatedtothegenderperspective.Inthispaper
wewilltakethefocusongenderwithanemphasisontheinvolvementof
womenofSAFintointernationaloperationsandmissions.Theresearchis
supposedtobeopenforboth,menandwomenbytheendofOctober2015.
A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON ROMANIAN CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS FEMALE ENGAGEMENT TEAMS A BRIDGE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND COSMOPOLITAN MILITARIES?
This paper aims tohighlight towhat extent the typesof Security Sector
ReformsadoptedbyRomania are trulyeffective regarding the condition
ofwomeninthemilitary.Didtheadoptedreformsmanagetoadvancethe
women’srightsinRomanianarmy,orweretheyjustaprerequisiteinthepre-
accessionprocess?Furthermore,thisarticletriestohighlightwhetherthe
societymanagedtoimposeagenderagendainthemilitary,orgenderinthe
militarycontributedtothedevelopmentsinpolitics.Ifthelevelofwomen’s
integrationisverylow,whicharethemaincauses:thelowlevelofgender
equalityinRomaniansocietyortheresistanceofmilitaryseniorofficialsto
these gender equality policies?Do the Female Engagement Teams (FET)
representasignofadvancingwomen’srightsinmilitary?
In answering these questions I analyse the situation of FET teams and
theirsignificanceformodernizationofmilitary institutionstowardsthe
genderinclusionpolicies.
Cristina Rădoi, Ph.D.GenderExpert,Bucharest
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS22
SPECIFICITIES IN MANAGING AND COMMANDING CONTINGENTS IN UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM GENDER PERSPECTIVE
UNpeacekeepingoperationsrepresentthebiggesteffortthatahuman
civilizationcanundertakeinordertoprevent,stabilizeandstopanarmed
conflictinanypartoftheworld.UNeffortssimultaneouslyrepresentthe
bestpossiblecontributiontothepeaceandprosperityofhumankind.As
amemberoftheUnitedNations,theRepublicofSerbiahasaprominent
role in the aforementioned contribution and throughout the world it
deploysitsarmedforcescomposedofmilitaryandcivilianpersonnel,men
andwomen,operationalandsupportforces.
Since2014,forthefirsttime,SerbiaandSerbianArmedForceshavestarted
independentlydeployingmilitarycontingentinMINUSCApeacekeepingmission
intheCentralAfricanRepublic.Theveryfactthatthecontingentcomposition
ismixed,callsfordiscussiononspecificitiesofmanagingandcommandingsuch
personnel.Contingent iscomposedof2/3menand1/3women. Inaddition,
halfofthetotalnumberismilitary,andtheotherhalfiscivilianpersonnel.On
theotherhand,personnelwith richmultinationalexperience isdeployed in
Africa,butalsopeoplewholefttheirhomecountryforthefirsttime.Insuch
circumstances, topics of equal treatment of every contingent member are
verymuchinfocus, inallsignificantaspectsregardingrightsandobligations
inmission,forthesakeoffulfillingbasicandotherrequirements,withreliable
forceprotection,andthus,includingthetopicofgendermainstreamingasa
significantelementofmixedteams’cohesion.
Col. Mag. Milivoje PajovićChiefoftheSerbianArmedForcesPeacekeepingOperations
Centre
Commander of the Serbian Armed Forces Contingent in UN
missionMINUSCAintheCentralAfricanRepublic
Abstract Proceedings 2015 23
HOW IS PEACE-BUILDING IMPLEMENTED MOST EFFECTIVELY?
Thispaperassertsthatgenderroles,iftheyareconsideredmoreseriously,
canvastlycontributetothepeace-buildingprocess.Themainarguments
arethatheedinggenderrolescouldplayasignificantroleinsupportofthe
peace-buildingprocess,raisethelevelofoperationaleffectivenessinthe
field,andimprovesituationalawareness,andthussafetyandsecurityof
ourownforces.Inordertoachievethis,militarypersonnelhastoundergo
appropriatetrainingbeforedeployment.Inotherwords,thiscanbedone
onlybyeducation.Thispaperisbased,moreorless,onpersonalexperience,
wheretheauthorstressesthatintegrationofgenderperspectivesisatask
militaryforcesisresponsiblefor,eventhoughthereisahugeresistance
towardthisattitudeamongmilitary.Moreover,emphasizingthe lackof
knowledge about the topic among uniformed personal, themain idea
is to show thatmission’s success (in this case Peace-building) depends
onwhether gender roles are considered seriously enough. This has to
be done for the sake of protection of basic human rights, operational
effectiveness, situational awareness and security of troops and local
populations.Peace-building, asoneof themost complicatedprocesses
thatmustbeperformedbymilitaryforces,willbemoreeffectivewhen
socially constructed phenomena of affected population are taken into
consideration.Gender rolesplaymore significant role than it hasbeen
previouslyimagined.But,judgmentandcriticalthinkingareneededwhen
it comes to integrationofgenderperspectives inorder toavoidabuse
ofit.Itisalwaysgoodtohaveaverysensitivepublicopinionaboutthis
issue, but at the same time the room formanipulationwith it is open.
One should be aware of it, because this is the only way how one can
Lt Col Goran TopalovićHeadofTrainingSection
PeacekeepingOperationsCentre
JointOperationsCommandSAF
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS24
incorporategenderperspectiveproperly.Thereisonlyonedemandposed
infrontofus:toconsidergenderrolesatleastequallyimportantasthey
are considered by enemies of all that we are standing for, and those are
universalhumanvalues,libertyandequality.
IMPLEMENTING UNSCR 1325 AND INTEGRATING GENDER PERSPECTIVE INTO CROATIAN ARMED FORCES - LESSONS LEARNED AND WAY AHEAD
Croatian Armed Forces (CAF) have never been restricted with regards
to women employment in any services or branches, and as of today
morethan10%ofmembersarewomen,andpositivetrendsarevisible.
Furthermore,Croatian NAP for UNSCR 1325 (2011-2014), and Gender
Awareness Policy with Action Plan for MoD and CAF(2013) resulted in
excellentoutcomesofimplementationmeasuresintheareaofwomen
participation and protection in armed forces. Although some Action
Plan measures were already in place (UNSCR 1325 related training
since 2005, participation & protection since 1991), some have been
implemented fast (legislation review, Coordinator and Committee
for Gender Equality). However, according to the analysis conducted
in 2014, implementation of somemeasures has been slow and they
still present a challenge. Real integration of “gender perspective”
as an operational effectiveness enabler into military operations
Brigadier General Mag. Gordana GarašićHeadofMilitaryAffairsOffice,OfficeofthePresidentof
theRepublicofCroatia
Lieutenant Colonel Boženko Đevoić, MAHeadofEducationDepartment,J-1GeneralStaffofthe
Croatian Armed Forces
Abstract Proceedings 2015 25
planning & execution was lacking as well as missing “integrated”
gender trainingwithin daily training, exercises or resident education
activities (NATO Bi-Sc Directive 40-1).In order to tackle that challenge
CAF startedwithdevelopmentof gender-related instructors through
special trainingevents in cooperationwithNordicCentre forGender
in Military Operations (NCGM) as well as deployment of officers in
Resolute Support Mission, Afghanistan on gender-related posts. BGen
GordanaGarašić lessons learned fromtheexperience inAfghanistan,
as the gender advisor to ISAF/RS Commander during 2014; show
that information sharing and cooperation with and among local and
internationalactors is thekey ingredientwhichcouldboosteffective
implementation of UNSCR 1325. Furthermore, engagements with
Afghansecurityministries (ISAFmandate included implementationof
theUNSCR1325andgenderperspectiveintegrationwithinthesecurity
institutionsandforces)becamearegularmodus operandi and access to
thehighrankingofficialshelpedtremendously.AnimportantISAFtask
was toworkwithAfghancounterpartsonproviding thesafe training
and working environment for women including actions to eliminate
genderbasedviolence,thereforeitisimportantthatUNSCR1325and
genderperspectivetrainingbean integratedpartofmilitarytraining
in all troop contributing nations, including Croatia. Integrating the
genderperspectivewithintheCAFdailytraining,exercisesorresident
educationactivitiesbecameoneofthepriorities,andconsequentlya
new set of activities have been adopted: various trainings for NATO
certified gender-related instructors and advisers, seminars for flag
officers, MTT, revised E&T guidelines, J-1 CAF act as a Department
Headforgenderdiscipline.Tosumup,CAFwillnotdevelopaspecial
gender-relatedbranch, butwill insure thatUNSCR1325 and “gender
perspective”become integratedas “a routine” inplanning,executing
andevaluatingprocessesinallcoremilitaryfunctionsonthetactical/
operational/strategiclevel.
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS26
GENDER PERSPECTIVES IN MILITARY OPERATIONS – THE GERMAN APPROACH
Socialnormsandperceptionsofmasculinityandfemininityareanintegral
aspectofasociety’sidentity.Allovertheworld,humanshaveconceptsof
whatis“typically”maleorfemale,orrathermasculineorfeminine.Those
notionsgenerallyhaveatremendousinfluenceandimpactonhowsocial
interactionworksandhowsocietiesaredesignedandfunction.Theyalso
stronglydetermineanindividualperson’sstatus,role,valueandprospects
inlife.Whilethebiologicaldichotomyofthesexesisuniversal,women’s
andmen’srolesandattributeschangeconsistently-diatopicallyaswellas
diachronically.Itisimportanttounderstandthisnexuswhilelookingata
givensocietyinordertoreallycomprehenditsstructureandmechanisms,
ignoranceofwhichmightevenleadtomisunderstandingsandunintended
developments inthecaseof intercultural interaction.Especiallyforthe
military–withtroopsoftenstationedordeployedtoforeigncountriesand
regions,thesefindingsarecrucialfortworeasons.First,manyaspectsand
rootsofmodernconflicthaveanintegralgenderdimension,beitsexual
andgender-basedviolence,beitwomen’slackofparticipationinconflict
resolutionorotherfieldsofaction.Inordertounderstandandaccurately
respond to crisis coherencies, military interventions must not ignore
thesecontextualessentials.Second,operationalsuccessdemandscareful
attention to potential consequences and implications of any military
action, includingthequestion ifandhowthelocalpopulationmightbe
affectedorharmedbywhatwedo.Keepinginmindtheprevailinggender
differencesinmostsocieties,itbecomesclearthatmenandwomen,boys
and girls,may be affected differently in one given context because of
First Lieutenant Isabel BorkstettBundeswehrOperationalCommunicationCentre
DepartmentofForeignAreaSpecialists
Lt Col (GS) Michael FraasDEUMoD
Abstract Proceedings 2015 27
theirgender.Asanationalcapability,theGermanArmedForcesemploy
so-called“ForeignAreaSpecialists”(FAS)asinterculturaladviserstothe
respectiveGerman commander in charge. These regional experts, each
onewithaprofoundacademicbackground,haveadeepunderstandingof
theculture in the respectiveareaofoperationsand try toanalyseand
evaluate events and developments from this (inter-) cultural point of
view.Consideringgenderaspectspredominantlyasamatterofculture,
they integrateagenderperspectiveasan integralcomponentofevery
analysis. Their advice shall contribute to the commander’s and the
staff’s situational awareness.What ismore, the FAS act as one of the
commander’sproxiesandeffectorsandestablishpreciousnetworkswith
importantstakeholdersintherespectivesociety.Theycanthusensurea
patientandculture-sensitiveapproachwhenitcomestogenderquestions
inoperationalplanningandexecution,andthusavoidcounterproductive
(gender-blind)outcomes.
GENDER AND SECURITY SECTOR REFORM - CHALLENGES AND EXPERIENCES. BUILDING OF THE DEFENCE SYSTEM OF MONTENEGRO AND GENDER
Thepolicyofgenderequalityinthecountry,particularlyinitssecuritysector,
is accepted todaynotonly in theEUmember countriesbut also in those
oneswhichaspiretobecomemembers.Thesuccessofthispolicydepends
primarilyonthedegreeofinfluenceoftraditionalheritage,theintensityof
thechangesinthemindsofthepeopleandtheirgendersensitivityineveryday
life.Inordertoimproveandprotecttherightsofwomenintheworld,and
particularlyinthearmedconflictswherewomenandchildrenarethebiggest
Mehmedin Tahirović, Ph.D.HeadofServiceforPublicRelationsandProtocol
Ministry of Defence, Montenegro
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS28
victimsoftheseevents,theUNSecurityCounciladoptedResolution1325
on“Women,PeaceandSecurity”,on31stOctober2000.Oneofthemost
importantachievementsoftheNATOCommitteeonGenderperspectivesis
developmentofthe“recommendationsfortheimplementationofResolution
1325,”UnitedNationsSecurityCouncilintheendof2010.Intheconclusion
ofthisdocumentwhichcontainsaround30pages,thebasicguidelinesare
giventopartnercountriesonwhatisnecessarytotakeonthisissueinthe
futureperiod.
TheConstitutionofMontenegro,attheleveloftheprinciplesandgeneral
guarantees,createdlegalpreconditionsfortheintroductionofthestandards
ofgenderequalityandpreventionandeliminationofdiscriminationbased
onsexinallareasandatalllevels.TheLawonGenderEquality,asthefirst
anti-discriminatory law in Montenegro represents the most important
mechanism for the elimination of the discrimination based on sex, and its
adoptioncreatedanenvironmentforachievinggenderequality.InJanuary
2013, theGovernmentofMontenegroadopteda secondActionPlan for
achieving gender equality in Montenegro (APAGE) for the period 2013-
2017. Theprogrammeofthe implementationofthementionedplanfor
2013-2014isadevelopingdocumentforimplementationofgenderequality,
whichisbasedoninternationalanddomesticlegalsourcesthattreatgender
equality. TheMinistry for Human andMinority Rights is working on the
developmentoftheimplementationprogramfortheActionPlan(APAGE)
fortheperiod2015-2017.
TheMinistryofDefenceisrecognizedintheNationalActionplaninthe
area-equalityindecision-makingprocessinpoliticalandpubliclife,with
thestrategicobjective:equalparticipationofwomenandmenatalllevels
ofdecision-makingwiththegoal:theimplementationofUNSCResolution
1325-Women,PeaceandSecurity.
In the implementation of the Programme for 2013-2014, the Ministry of
Defenceisdesignatedastheholderofthefollowingmeasuresoractivities:-
includeagenderperspectiveinthetrainingofthesecuritysector,particularly
Abstract Proceedings 2015 29
forpeacekeepingmissions;-MakingpropagandamaterialonUNSCResolution
1325 -Women, Peace and Security and conducting campaigns; - Organize
trainingoftheArmedForcesonUNSCResolution1325;-Establishadatabaseon
womenandmenintheAFandimplementationoftheProgrammeofactivities
oftheMinistryofDefencerelatedtotheregionalprojecton“Strengthening
regionalcooperationfortheintegrationofagenderperspectiveinsecurity
sector reform in theWesternBalkans countries”. TheMinistry ofDefence
ofMontenegrorecognisesall theseactivitiesasareasofgreat importance
inordertoachievetheprocessofintegrationofMontenegrointoNATOin
accordancewiththestandardsandnormsthatfuturemembersoftheAlliance
shouldimplementintheareaofruleoflawandpracticalpoliticsofthefuture
members.
SUSTAINABILITY OF FURTHER APPLICATION OF RESOLUTION 1325 IN REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
TheauthorsdealwiththeissueofsustainabilityfurtherapplicationofRes-
olution1325oftheSecurityCounciloftheUnitedNations-Women,Peace
andSecurityintheRepublicofSerbia,inthelightoftheannouncedrevision
oftheexistingplanandtheextensionofitsimplementationinthenextfive
years.Thepaper,basedontheuseofmethodsandtechniquesofGender
analysis,donesummarizingtheresultsobtained,theamountssummaryof
thegoalsachievedandimplementedactivitiesoftheNationalActionPlan
onUNSCR1325intheRepublicofSerbiaandpointstothemostimportant
challengesandproblemsintheimplementationoftheplaninpastfiveyears.
Biljana Stojković, Ph.D.StrategicPlanningDepartment,MoDRS
Lt Col Mag. Svetlana JankovićStrategicResearchInstitute,MoDRS
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS30
Thepaperparticularlyfocusesonthefactorsthat,accordingtotheauthors,
limittheapplicationofsustainabilityofthementionedResolution1325in
practice,i.e.strategicorientations,practicalpolicies,institutionalconstruc-
tion,necessarymaterial,financialandhumanresources,especiallymotiva-
tionalfactor,asnecessaryprerequisitesforasustainableimplementationof
commitmentscontainedinthedocumentoftheUnitedNationsandrelated
resolutionsintopractice.Inconclusion,thepaperpointstotheneedtobein
thefuturethefocusoftheapplicationofResolution1325isdirectedtothe
locallevel,withgreaterinvolvementofcivilsocietyandwomeninpost-con-
flictrehabilitationofsociety,preventionandprotectionofhumanrightsof
vulnerablecategoriesofpopulationintheRepublicofSerbia.
GENDER SENSITIZATION IN THE ARMED FORCES – THE WESTERN BALKANS EXPERIENCE
SecuritySectorReform(SSR)intheWesternBalkans(WB)hasbeenoneof
thekeyaspectsofthedemocratizationprocessintheregion.Whileearly
effortscentred on introducingdemocraticandcivilianoversightofthe
securitysector,WBstatesareincreasinglyfacingthechallengeofbuilding
modernarmedforces in linewiththeirstrategicprioritiesandfinancial
capabilities.Acrucialcomponentofthisprocessisthetransitionfroma
recruitforcetoanall-volunteerforce,asawaytowardsprofessionalizing
themilitary.Initially,SSRhasonlymarginallytackledtheissueofgender
in security and, in particular, equal access and careeropportunities for
womeninthemilitary.Whileeffortshavebeenunderwaytofurtheropen
Ivan Zveržhanovski, Ph.D.,SEESACCoordinatorandProgrammeSpecialist,UNDP
IstanbulRegionalHub
Bojana Balon, M.A.,SEESACProgrammeOfficer,UNDP
Abstract Proceedings 2015 31
military careers to women, the need for a more systematic and long-term
approachwasneededtoensurethataconcertedpushtoattractwomen
to,andretaintheminthemilitarybearssustainableresults.
TheMinistriesofDefenceandArmedForcesintheWesternBalkanshavebeen
workingtogethersince2012ontheadvancementofgenderequalityinthemil-
itarythrougharegionalprojectStrengthening of Regional Cooperation in Gender
Mainstreaming in Security Sector Reform in the Western Balkans implemented
byUNDPSEESAC.Supportisprovidedformainstreaminggenderequalityinto
defencepoliciesbytheinstitutionalizationofgenderequalitymechanisms.In
addition,areviewofhumanresourcepoliciesandprocedureshasbeencarried
out,resultinginTheStudyonthePositionofWomenintheArmedForcesinthe
WesternBalkans.Furthermore,capacitiesofMoDsandAFsformoreefficient
recruitmentandretentionoffemalepersonnelarebeingstrengthenedthrough
seminars;andsupportforservicewomencareeradvancementisbeingprovided
throughtheirparticipationinspecializedcourses.
Whilethelegalandinstitutionalframeworksareessentialbuildingblocks
inincreasingtheparticipationofwomeninsecurityanddefencepolicy-
makingand implementation,amarkedchange inorganizationalculture
needs to occur that would contribute to a more conducive working
environment formilitarywomenandensurethefullutilizationof their
capacitiesandcareerprogression.
The project organized two Gender Training-of-Trainers courses in
cooperationwiththeNordicCentreforGenderinMilitaryOperations,and
supportedthecreationofaRegionalNetworkof33GenderTrainers.The
project isproviding technical support andworkshops for theseGender
Trainerstofurtherstrengthentheirskillsandknowledge,andorganizes
regional meetings to enable information sharing and knowledge exchange
amongthem.Asaresult,theGenderTrainershaveorganizedseminarsand
briefingsformorethan3,000officers,soldiersandciviliansinMoDsand
AFsinBiH,Montenegro,theRepublicofSerbia,andtheformerYugoslav
RepublicofMacedoniain2014and2015.
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS32
GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN MILITARY EDUCATION
Education on gender equity within the defence forces starts with
thequestion “why isgender important in themilitary?” It continues
withafocusontheissuesofgenderandgenderequalityas integral
partsof the reformsof thearmed forces. Inorder toaddress these
issues it isnecessarytoexaminetwoofthemost importantaspects
of teaching gender in the army. The first aspect is the demand to
protect the human rights of both women and men in the modern
worldwherethefocus isnotonlyonnational,butpersonalsecurity
aswell.Theotheraspectistheimportanceofinvolvingbothgenders
in undertaking successful military operations. The inclusion of
women responds to the evolved requirements of modern military
forces as well as improving operational capabilities, especially in
multinational missions. This paper examines the appropriateness
andeffectivenessofcertaincontent inmilitaryeducationtouphold
humanrightswithinthearmedforces.Thisisapplicabletobothcivil
protection during military operations, but also for upholding the
personalrightsofmilitarypersonnel.Thepaperhasanalyzedgeneral
issues but also specific content which relate tomatters at tactical,
operationalandstrategiclevels.Apartfromthespecificitiesthatexist
inlearningaboutgenderwhenthiseducationisconductedwithinthe
military population, additional specificity is learning about gender
mainstreaming in peacekeeping operations. Thus, gender topics are
analyzed, considered,projectedand implementedasanemphasized
question of operational capabilities of a unit being deployed,while
ontheotherhandtheemphasis isputonhavingunderstandingand
insightintospecificitiesofgenderrelationsinanareaofoperation.
Dr. Ksenija Đurić-AtanasievskiMilitary Academy, Belgrade
Nataša MrdakPeacekeepingOperationsCentre,GeneralStaff,SAF
Abstract Proceedings 2015 33
Having that in mind, education on gender for personnel being
deployedinpeacekeepingoperationisfundamentalforunderstanding
protectionofcivilians,asabasictaskofeverypeacekeepingoperation.
Children and women, their mothers, belong to the most vulnerable
category of population, so understanding the status of women and
mothers through this lens imposes itself as thepriority request. The
issuesofgenderequalitycanbe integrated intomilitary trainingand
educationaspartofgrouporindividualeducation.Forthisreason,the
paperexploredoptimallearningformsforcertaintopicsongenderand
genderperspective.
GENDER PERSPECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION THROUGH UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES’ CURRICULUM AT THE FACULTY OF SECURITY STUDIES
In2010, theRepublicofSerbiaadoptedtheNationalActionPlanfor
theimplementationoftheUNSCResolution1325“Women,Peace,and
Security”,sothatUNmemberstatescanbuildandadjustmechanisms
forconflictresolutionongenderequalitybasis,andincludewomeninall
thedecision-makinglevels.Withinactivitiesforachievinggoalsdefined
by the National Action Plan, the significant role lies on the ministry
competentforeducation(todayitistheMinistryofEducation,Science,
andTechnologicalDevelopment).Amongtheseactivities,thefollowing
couldbemarkedout:raisingawarenessaboutpotentialconflictsand
startingwith education programs on gender aspects of conflicts, as
wellasthe introductionoftopicsaboutgenderequalityandgender-
basedviolencewithinalltheeducationlevels,andwithinprofessional
Asst. Prof. Dr. Vanja RokvićFacultyofSecurityStudies,UniversityofBelgrade
TA Ivan DimitrijevićFacultyofSecurityStudies,UniversityofBelgrade
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS34
specializationinthesecuritysector.HavinginmindthattheFacultyof
SecurityStudies(UniversityofBelgrade)educatesstudentsforvarious
tasksacrossthesecuritysector,itisofspecialimportancetointroduce
theabovementionedtopicsatthishighereducationinstitutionaswell.
For determination of current representation of these topics at the
FacultyofSecurityStudies,andfortheimplementationoftheNational
ActionPlangoals,we conducted apilot-researchwhich included the
analysisof theundergraduatestudiescurriculum, subjects’ curricula,
aswellastheviewsofthefirsttwoyearsstudentsaboutthegender
equality.Throughtheanalysisofcurriculaoftheexistingsubjectsatthe
undergraduatestudies,wedeterminedthatissuesofgenderequality,
gender-sensitive addressing, gender-based violence, as well as the
roleofwomeninthesecurityanddefencesystems,arenotsufficiently
representedinsubjects’curricula,teachingunits,andbasicliterature.
Withadditionalsurveyofattitudesaboutthegenderequalityamong
students of the first two years of study, which was conducted in
June 2015,we determined that, besides the basic knowledge about
the topic, there are certain gender-based stereotypes. Likewise, the
majority of students recognized the need for introduction of these
topicsincurriculum,aswellasfororganizationofinformaleducation,
likeseminarsandworkshops.Withthegoalofeducatingstudentsfor
futuretasksinthesecurityanddefencesystems,andforbettergeneral
participationincivilsociety,wethinkthatitisnecessarytointroduce
these topics in theexistingundergraduate curriculumat the Faculty
ofSecurityStudies,butalsotostrengthentheroleoftheMinistryof
Education,Science,andTechnologicalDevelopmentoftherepublicof
Serbia,intheimplementationoftheNationalActionPlangoals,andin
theestablishmentofgenderequalityasan imperativeofdemocratic
societies.
Abstract Proceedings 2015 35
INTEGRATION OF GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE DEFENCE SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA – EMPLOYEES’ VIEWS
Implementationofgenderperspectiveisanindispensablecomponent
of the security sector reform and a key assumption of the process
effectiveness.Positiveanddevelopment-orientedworkenvironment
requires the integration of equal opportunities perspective and
responsibilities into daily activities: at a strategic, operational and
tactical level. Achieving this imperative is the responsibility and
obligation, not only of those employed in the defence system but
also of those in the scientific-research institutions. Through the
research resultsand their immediateusability, they shall contribute
to formulating measures and activities which will gradually change
thediscriminatoryattitudesandcreateconditionswherewomenwith
their potentials contribute to the security sector reform, aimed at
developingmoreefficient responses tovarious security threatsand
needs of women and men, girls and boys.
The paper presents the results of one such empirical research
conducted on a representative sample of 1058 members of
organizational units and units of the Ministry of Defence and the
SerbianArmedForces.Theaimoftheresearchwastoprovideanswers
to the following questions: to which extent are members of the
defencesysteminformedoftheexistinggenderequalitymechanisms,
whataretheviewsandperceptionsofintegratingcertainaspectsof
genderequality,isthereadifferenceinjobsatisfactionascompared
togendervariableandwhatsupportmechanismsmaybe important
for themember of the defence system? The data are registered in
Mag. Tatjana VišackiStrategicResearchInstitute,MoDRS
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jovanka ŠaranovićStrategicResearchInstitute,MoDRS
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS36
questionnaires designed in accordance with the objectives of the
research,while jobsatisfactionwasmeasuredbymeansofCooper’s
jobsatisfactionscale.Theinterpreteddataweretheoreticallybased
ongendertheorieswhichemphasizetheimportanceofsocialfactors,
such as socio-constructivism theory, social role theory and gender
schema theory.
GENDER AND THE INFORMATION SECURITY PROFESSION
Resultsongender influence to the information security sector are
showninthispaper.ResearchongenderequalityinITsectorinthe
Republic of Serbia that is presented in this paper, is based on the
surveyconductedamong96participantsofbothsexes.Respondents
were asked about broad understanding of information security
field, awareness and understanding of security threats, security
policies, technicalknowledge,and ITcrisis.Researchesonevolving
need to empower women in the field of information security are
also presented. Results show that approximately ten percent of
information security workforces are women, which is discordant
withotherprofessions. It is shownthat informationsecurity isnot
just about information technology but also about educated men
andwomenwhounderstandtheinformationsecurityingeneraland
have knowledge and skills needed to keep information security at
the highest level.
Danijela ProtićGeneralStaffofSerbianArmy,Departmentfor
TelecommunicationandIT(J-6)
CentreforAppliedMathematicsandElectronics
Abstract Proceedings 2015 37
ACTIVITIES TO PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND GENDER PERSPECTIVES IN THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA WITH A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA
Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Macedonia strives to respect
thestandardsforinclusionofwomeninallaspectsofthedefencearea.
Hence,itconsistentlyadherestotheprovisionsoftheadoptedNational
ActionPlanforimplementationoftheResolution1325.Inaddition,other
documentsfortheResolution’simplementationhavealsobeenadopted.
Also, over the past few years numerous efforts have been invested
to promote gender equality and gender perspectives in the defence
area.Mediaasmeansofinformingthegeneralpublichaveaprominent
role in themodernsociety.MinistryofDefencethroughtheSector for
Communications, analytics and operational support informs the public
through press releases on daily bases. Part of it is the publishing and
productiondepartment.EditorialpolicytheMinistryofDefenceconducted
throughitsprintmediahas latelyraisedthelevelofcoverageoftopics
relatedtoissuesofgenderequality,problemsandexperiencesofwomen
andthedefence.Thepurposeofthispaperistohighlighttheroleofthe
mediaasavery importantmechanismtopromotegenderequalityand
genderperspective in thedefence sector.Moreover, ananalysisof the
articlesinthemagazine“TheShield”(intheMacedonianlanguage:Shtit)
and analysis of topics scientifically treating this issuewhich have been
part of thepaperspublished in the scientificmagazineof theMinistry
ofDefencewillbecarriedout.Thepurposeofthisanalysisistogivean
overviewoftheattitudeofthescientificcommunityuponsomeofthe
problemsconnectedwiththegenderissueandthedefencesector.Finally,
Dr. Žanet RistovskaMinistryofDefenceoftheRepublicofMacedonia
Biljana Popovska, MAMinistryofDefenceoftheRepublicofMacedonia
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS38
therewillberecommendationsastocontinueimprovingallmechanisms
of gender equality and gender perspectives in the defence system.
Specificactionstobetakentofurtherraiseawarenessandpromotethe
profession,aswellastoovercomeproblemsrelatedtogenderinequality,
stereotypesandothervulnerabilitieswithin thedefencesystemof the
countryaretobepinpointed.
EXPERIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA IN IMPLEMENTATION OF RESOLUTION 1325 OF THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL
RepublicofMacedoniaisademocraticandsocialstateinwhichallcitizens
areequalbefore theConstitutionand the law.TheConstitutionof the
RepublicofMacedoniacontainsseveralprovisionsrelatingtofundamental
rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The adoption of the Law on
Prevention and Protection against Discrimination has expressed the
politicalwillandconfirmationthatMacedonia isamongthedemocratic
states that build their order with full recognition and promotion of
equalopportunitiesforallcitizensregardlessoftheirgender,ethnicity,
disability,ageandotherpersonalcharacteristics,beinganindispensable
preconditionforsustainableanddemocraticdevelopment.
InthisregardtheRepublicofMacedonia,anactivememberoftheUnited
Nations (UN), the Council of Europe (CoE), theOrganization for Security
andCooperation in Europe (OSCE) and candidate formembership in the
European Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Assoc. Prof. Stojan Slaveski, Ph.D.EuropeanUniversity,RepublicofMacedonia
Biljana Popovska, MAMinistryofDefenceoftheRepublicofMacedonia
Abstract Proceedings 2015 39
implements theguidelinesof theResolution1325onwomen,peaceand
security through the Law on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men
of January 2012 and other legislationwhich include gender dimensions.
Furthermore,theRepublicofMacedoniahaspreparedaNationalActionPlan
(NAP)fortheimplementationoftheUNResolution1325onwomen,peace
andsecurity(WPS)inordertoadvancethestatusandroleofwomenand
theirparticipationinsecuritypolicyandpeaceprocesseslocally,nationally
andinternationally.NAPoftheRepublicofMacedoniaforWPShasbeena
responsetotheResolution1325.Thispaperwouldpresenttheresultsof
implementationoftheResolution1325oftheUNSecurityCouncilatthe
nationallevel,aswellastheproblemsthatariseinthisprocess.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS, TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES OF IMPLEMENTING UNSCR RESOLUTION 1325 IN A NATIONALLY OUTLINED SPECIFIC FRAMEWORK
Over the past two decades, interest in the relationship between gender,
peace and security has increased dramatically, being manifested in new
researchagendas,policydebatesanddevelopmentprogramsallaroundthe
world. In this context, a general frameworkwith the potential to be truly
transformativehasbeenadoptednotonlybythe internationalcommunity
but also by Romania over the past years. In addition to the national
legislationgivenbytheRomanianGovernmentenshrininggenderequality,
the Minister of National Defence issued a Plan of measures in order to
specifically implementattheMoNDlevelthelegislationdescribinggender
equalityofchancesandtreatmentbetweenmalesandfemaleswithinwork
relationshipsandprofessionalactivity,allthisbypromotingandsupporting
Lieutenant Silvia StanciuSpecialistOfficer–andGenderAdvisor
RomanianMinistryofNationalDefence
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS40
an equitable and balanced participation of both genders to leading and
executivepositionsbasedsolelyoncompetencecriteria.Thepurposeofthis
documentistoexpresstheMoND’sorganizationalwilltofurtherefficiently
implement UNSCR 1325 and its associated resolutions mandates, as well
astopromoteallmilitaryactions,atall levels, initiatedonthismatter.The
paper further presented, is a tool for good practice, lessons learned and
recommendationsonintegratinggenderwithintheRomanianArmedForces.
Findings and recommendations are based on an analysis of the national
reports and studies published from 1999 to 2014, which map the steps
takenfortheintegrationofwomenintheRomanianArmedForces,withthe
intentionoffurtherinformingandpromotingaboutthecontributionwomen
havebroughttoasuccessfulmissionaccomplishment,aswellasaboutthe
investedexpertiseandtheinfluencewomenhaveinsidethemilitarysystem.
Futureperspectivesregardingthedevelopmentofgendercapacity,inorder
toenhanceoperationaleffectivenesshighlightthenecessityofacquiringa
diversearrayofresourcesandqualificationstranslatedintocomplementary
skills which need to be guaranteed for bothmale and female personnel.
Nevertheless,theimageofthefemalemilitarystaffwasmainlymarkedby
afeatureofhighresilience,asyearbyyeartheychallengednewboundaries
demonstratingthatanimportantwaytoimprovemissionsimplyoperatingin
acomprehensivemannerwithinwhichgenderreallymakesanessentialsense.
GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES; REVIEW AT THE 15TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325
SlovenianArmedForces(SAF)arerelativelyyoungarmedforces(AF),
established in 1991. Even though United Nations Security Council
Lt Col Suzana Tkavc, Ph.D.GeneralStaffoftheSlovenianArmedForces
Abstract Proceedings 2015 41
Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325) was not issued at that time yet we
couldnotavoidtheprocesseswhichhadtakenplacealreadybefore.
During the past fifteen years, the SAF has undergone some vital
changeswhichinfluencedalsoontherepresentationofwomen.Upto
2003,theSAFwasbasedontheconscriptsysteminvolvingonlymale
citizensoftheRepublicofSlovenia(RS);buttheactivedutystructure
includedbothmaleandfemalememberswhowereemployedunder
thesameconditionsasothercivilservantsandwerelegallygivenequal
employmentopportunitiestojointheSAF(atthattimetheTerritorial
Defence).TheSAFprofessionalizationprocesswascompletedin2004.
Itincreasedwomen’srepresentationinthemilitaryprofessionand,at
thesametime,raisedthe issueofwomen’s integration inthewhole
rangeof tasks, including combat duties. Also, in 2004, theRepublic
of Slovenia joined NATO as a full-fledged member, which further
advancedtheestablishedgenderperspectivepolicyandcontribution
of women to military tasks. This gave rise to enhanced acceptance
andrecognitionofwomeninthemilitarywhichledtosupportingthe
deployment of women to operations and missions abroad through
the operational planning process. The integration of women in all
processes within the SAF on the basis of equality, such as military
educationandtraining,empowerswomenwithcompetencesfortheir
equal promotion in rank. There are no lawfully forbidden areas for
femalesoldiersnorprogramsorbranchesexcludingparticipationof
women in the SAF. Nowadays, female representation is ensured in
SAF units and commands at all levels. During the past decade, the
percentage of female members has remained between 15 and 16
percent. Women in the SAF hold high positions both at home and
abroad. The highest rank heldby a female in the SAF since 2012 is that
of a brigadier.
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS42
ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN AND NON-DISCRIMINATION IN THE AUSTRIAN MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND SPORTS AND THE AUSTRIAN ARMED FORCES
In1993,theAustrianFederalLawforNon-Discriminationenteredintoforce,
establishingstructuresandmechanismstoachievethelegallydetermined
aimofequality andnon-discriminationofwomenandmen.This lawalso
regulatestheadvancementofwomenaswellasnon-discriminationbased
uponethnicity,religion,ageorsexualorientation.
This federal lawalso requestedallMinistries toadoptan implementingplan
for the advancementofwomen (“Frauenförderungsplan”) in case theywere
underrepresentedwithinthatMinistry.Thefirstimplementingplanwasadopted
by the back-then Ministry of Science, Research and Art in 1995, regulating
measuresrelatingtopersonnel,organizationandtrainingtoincreasefemalesin
eachsalaryscheme.TheMinistryofDefenceissueditsfirstimplementationplan
in2001,focusingonthepreferredappointmentandpromotionofwomenincase
ofequalqualification,supportofwomentoparticipateineducationandtraining
eventsandtheappointmentofwomen’srepresentativesthroughouttheMinistry
andtheArmedForcestocreateawomen’snetworkforadviceandsupport.Even
thoughtheseinstrumentsprovideasolidlegalframeworkfortheadvancement
ofwomen,theimplementationwithintheMinistryandtheArmedForceshas
metitsobstacles.Whilethesuccessofmeasurestoadvancewomenwithinthe
Ministryismostlyobstructedbybudgetarycutsoverthelastdecade,preventing
new personnel from being employed, the Armed Forces strugglewith non-
favourableworkconditionscombinedwithacertaindegreeofunpredictabilityof
regionalassignmentformilitarypersonnel.Thesecircumstanceshaveultimately
ledtoastagnationofthenumberofwomenemployedintheMinistryanda
comparativelylowretentionratewithintheAustrianArmedForces.Despiteor
Ursula HannHeadofUN&InternationalCooperationSectionofthe
FederalMinistryofDefenceandSports,RepublicofAustria
Abstract Proceedings 2015 43
maybebecauseofthesechallenges,theMinistryandtheArmedForcesremain
dedicatedtotheireffortsincreasingthenumberoffemalepersonnelbothin
civilianandmilitarypositions.Thisisalsoreflectedinlastyear’srevisionofthe
implementationplan.Amongthedevelopmentsaretheactiveinformationof
femalepersonneloftheirrightsandpossibilities,theidentificationofwomen
qualifiedfor future leadershippositionsandrespectivesupport (inparticular
through preferred access to training and education), the implementation of
specificmeasurestoimprovethesituationoffemalesoldiersandofmeasures
aiming at better reconciliation of family and work.
GENDER EQUALITY IN THE POLICE: SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES2
As numerous studies have shown that the police profession implies an
environmentcharacterizedbyalargeimpactonthepersonalityofthepolice
officers,authoritarianorientationamongtheofficers,roleconflict,alienation
and expressed awareness of power over others. Such an environment
as traditionally male, is burdened by numerous forms of discriminatory
behaviourtowardswomenemployedinsuchworkenvironment.Allforms
of discrimination, be it verbal or physical, based on stereotypes and/or
prejudicesarelargelystructural,becausetheyhavetheirbeginningsinthe
deep-rooted understanding of gender differences and the definition of
genderidentitythroughtraditionalpatriarchalsocialization.
Masculine culture in the police profession is loaded with, among other
things,thenegativeviewthatthesuccessofwomeninitmarkedthelossof
Danijela Spasić, Ph.D.AcademyofCriminalisticandPoliceStudies,Belgrade
2 Paper is the result of research within the project No. 47017 “Security and protection of organization and functioning of the educational system in the Republic of Serbia (basic precepts, principles, protocols, procedures and means)”, realised at the Faculty of Security Studies in Belgrade and financed by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia. * This paper is the result of the research on project: “Management of police organization in preventing and mit-igating threats to security in the Republic of Serbia“, which is financed and carried out by the Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, Belgrade - the cycle of scientific projects 2015-2019.
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS44
her female qualities, because the promotion and advancement in typically
maleprofessions requiresacertainamountofaggressiveness, coldattitude
anddominance.Professionsinwhichwomenareacceptedanddesirable,are
definedastypicallyfemaleandusuallyrequiretypicallyfemaletraitssuchas
theabilitytoprovideassistance,care,attention,support,andetc.Animageof
a“maid”inhibitswomenpromotiontomajorandmanagerialpositionsthatare
reservedexclusivelyformen.
Certainfunctionalissuespersistinthepoliceservicesinallpartsoftheworld.These
include:concernsaboutequalopportunitiesforwomenandmen,discrimination
andsexualharassment.Althoughchangeshavebeenintroducedregardingthe
policesystemsandorganizationstructure,organizationandpersonnel,relatively
littleresearchontheexperiencesofwomeninthepolicehavebeenconducted,
except in theUnitedStates and theUK.Reports indicate thatwomenpolice
officers, in relation to their peers, are more exposed to sexual harassment,
violentandthreateningsituationsatworkandvariousformsofdiscrimination.
Duringtheresearchonthegenderandethicalaspectsofsocialinteractionsof
police officers, women have reported more negative interactions, especially
withregardtoverbalharassment,sexualharassmentandgossip.Thatiswhythe
subjectofthisresearchdeterminedthestatusofwomenemployedinthepolice,
andidentifyingproblemsfacedbywomenpoliceofficersinSerbia,whichrelate
towork:theyhaveproblemsfindingjobs,gettingjobs,andkeepingjobs.
WOMEN IN THE POLICE AND THEIR COPING WITH STRESS AS AN ASPECT OF POLICING PROFESSION
As a vision and context of many activities initially launched by
Associations of Women employed in the police, and later by other
Mag. Snežana NovovićBelgrade
Abstract Proceedings 2015 45
internationalandlocalorganizationsandinstitutions,genderequality
hasbecomeanindispensabletopicintheRepublicofSerbiaoverthe
pasttenyears.
Whilenotdenyingthenecessitytorespecthumanrightsandadvocate
foranapproachthatwillprovideequalopportunitiestoallindividuals
regardlessofsexoranyotherdifferences,thispaperdrawsattention
toanother,alsoveryimportantaspect.Namely,anefforttohighlight
the women’s ability to perform a complex, responsible and risky
jobofapoliceofficeronanequalfootingwithmen,hasmost likely
unjustifiablypushed into thebackgrounda very important segment
concerningtheprofession-relatedproblems,asseenfromawomen’s
perspective. The profession-related problems in question are those
allpoliceofficersfacewhilecarryingouttheirregulartasksandwhich
endanger bothmen andwomen, thoughnot equally or in the same
manner,giventheobjectiveandmeasurabledifferencesbetweenthe
sexes.
In particular, the sources consulted contain not only numerous
documentsdealingwiththeaspectofequalityofwomenemployedin
thepolice,butalsotheliteraturethatprovidesgeneraltreatmentof
issuesandproblemsofpolicing.However,itismoredifficulttofindthe
sourceswhich,throughthesameprism,viewwomenanddifficulties
i.e. work-related problems encountered by women, whereby those
problemsarenotreflectedintheirmalecounterparts.
Hence,throughthispaper,reviewofto-dateresearchresults,aswell
asindicationsforthefuture,weintendtoreturntoprofessionalism,
it being the crucial interest of all security services, and citizens in
particular,inlightofendangeringfactorssuchas,forexamplestress,
riskofinjuriesandlossoflife,etc.
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS46
GENDER BASED VIOLENCE AND NATURAL DISASTERS
In the past three decades gender based violence has been recognized
asanimportantsocialproblemrequiringactionatlocal,nationalandin-
ternational level.RegardingGBVasapublichealth issue,WorldHealth
Organizationreportsthatbetween10and69%ofwomenhavebeenex-
posedtoviolence.ResearchinSerbiaindicatesthateverysecondwomen
hassurvivedpsychologicalviolenceintheiradulthood,andeverythirdhas
experiencedphysicalviolence.
Duetoincreaseinnumberanddensityofpopulation(especiallyinareas
at riskofnaturaldisasters), climatechangesand increase innumberof
reportednaturaldisasters,thereisaneedforefficientinterventionpro-
gramsdealingwiththisissue.Also,therehasbeengreateractivisticand
academicinterestedinconsequencesofnaturaldisasters,andinthepast
twentyyearsattentionhasbeengiventoitsgenderaspects,includingthe
issueofgenderbasedviolence.Whenconsideringgenderaspectofnat-
uraldisasters,itisnecessarytohaveinmindthatgenderinequalitiesaf-
fectwomen’svulnerabilitybefore,duringandaftertheseeventsandtake
intoaccountothersociallyconstructedfactorsincreasinghervulnerabil-
ity-hereconomicstatus,healthstatus,age,levelofeducation,hermar-
ginalizedstatus(Roma,internallydisplacedpersons,refugees,womenof
differentsexualorientationandgender identity),previousexposure to
genderbasedviolenceetc - influencingtheirexposuretonaturaldisas-
ters,capacitiestocopewithandmitigateeffectsofthoseevents,aswell
asheraccesstovariousresources.Inevitablequestionwhenconsidering
genderaspectsofnaturaldisastersisissueofgenderbasedviolence,es-
peciallydomesticviolence,aswellasincreaseinriskofsexualviolence.
Perpetrators’feelingoflosingcontrol,fear,temporaryorpermanentdis-
placementfromhomeandgroupingoflargenumberofpeopleinsmall
Jelena Vidić, PsychologistGaytenLGBT
Abstract Proceedings 2015 47
spaceincreaseriskofgenderbasedviolence,andlossofsupportnetwork,
isolationandunwillingnessofbothfamilymembersandprofessionalsto
hearandrespondtoreportsofviolence leavewomenunprotectedand
unsupported.Thoughdataonescalationofdomesticviolenceinsituation
ofnaturaldisastersismainlyanecdotal,thereisfirmevidenceofincrease
ofrateofwomen’sreportstoserviceprovidersbecauseofgenderbased
violence.When planning and implementing intervention programs it is
important to take into considerationgender aspect and their relations
toothervulnerabilityfactorsandto includewomenfromcommunity in
creatingandimplementingprocessofrecovery.Personsindirectcontact
withpeopleaffectedbynaturaldisasters shouldhavebasicknowledge
ongenderbasedviolenceanditisnecessarytohaveexpertsinthisarea
workinginthefieldtoprovidesupporttowomeninsituationofviolence.
GENDER IDEOLOGY IN MODERN SOCIETY AND ITS IMPACT ON MARRIAGE DYNAMICS
Basedontheverydefinitionofmarriageasasocial,religiousandlegalunion
ofahusbandandawife,itisclearthattheappropriategenderideologyand
viewsregardinggenderrolesplayabigpartinmanyaspectsofmaritaland
family dynamics.
In order to examine the institutionofmarriage, it is necessary to take
into account that “her” marriage is separate from “his” marriage, and
that each of the spouses has a different perception of the union. The
way we conceptualize masculinity and femininity is determent by the
cultureinwhichwelearnhowtothinkandwhattofeelaboutourselves
Helena Rosandić, MAPsychiatricWard-PublicHealthInstitution,Nikšić,
Montenegro
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS48
and others as men and women. From the very early days onwards, the
familyandsocietysecretlycooperateinfeminizationandmasculinization
programmeswhichshapeattitudesandexpectationsincludingintimate
aspectsof life.What is implicit in such views andexpectations are the
contradictoryintentionsandaimsthatleadtoaconflictwhenawoman
andamantrytoestablishacloserelationship.
Theviewsontherolesofwomenhaveexperiencedmanychangesinthepast
fewdecadesimpactedbycertainsocialchanges,primarilyduetoincreasing
participation of women in employment and, consequently, a different
divisionoflabourbetweenmenandwomen,bothatworkandinthefamily.
Thispaperdealswiththewaywomen’semploymentandchangesinthe
traditionaldivisionoflabourinthehouseholdaffectthemaritalrelation-
shipquality.Wehavetriedto indicatehowtheadoptedgender ideolo-
gy,whethertraditionaloregalitarian,actsasanimportantintermediary
betweenthedivisionoflabourandtheperceivedmarriagequality,thus
affectingthefunctionalityofpartnerrelations.Thepaperconcludesby
highlightingtheessentialquestionraisedbypsychotherapistsi.e.howto
translateawarenessofgenderbehaviourintoeffectiveclinicalpractice.
RELIGION AND GENDER BASED VIOLANCE
A woman must cover her head because she is not
the likeliness of God (St. Ambrose)
Inprinciple,thedevelopmentofmonotheismasthefundamentalcon-
cept of one God is considered as the humanity’smove towards ab-
Major Dr. Milovan SubotićStrategicResearchInstitute,MoDRS
Abstract Proceedings 2015 49
stractthinking.Thisprocessdevelopedunderthestrongjurisdiction
ofpatriarchy.Thus,asubordinateroleofwomenisclearlyreflectedin
theessenceofthemajormonotheisticreligions,suchasChristianity,
JudaismandIslam.AccordingtotheBiblicalexplanationofthecrea-
tionoftheworld,Godmadetheworldand“Man”bybreathinginhis
breathof life,whileawomanwascreatedfromthe“Man’s”rib.The
powerofcreationisspiritualandreferstoman,towhomtheabilityof
abstraction isalsoattributed intheBible,whileplants,animals,and
thewomanarecalledbyonename.Man(signifyingahumanbutmain-
lyreferredtoas“Man”)wasthuscreatedintheGod’simage,where-
asthewomanis“different”.Therefore, it isnotcertainwhetherthe
woman is human at all, given that the God’s breath of lifewas not
breathedintoher.Asaresult,thewomanwasmarkedasoftheman’s
companionandhelperfromtheverybeginning.Furthermore,instory
ofsin,Eve,luredbyaserpent,leadsAdamtotemptationbygivinghim
anapplepickedfromtheTreeofKnowledge,thusdeprivingtheman-
kindoftheGod’sgrace.AsaresultoftheOriginalsin,awoman’ssub-
ordinatepositionis“God-given”.Thepaperdealswiththepositionof
women in major monotheistic religions of the modern world. The con-
tradictionofthetopicisreflectedinthefactthatwomeninallmajor
monotheisticreligionsofthemodernworldaresubordinate,andyet
itmaybeaffirmedwithgreatcertaintythatwomenaremorereligious
thanmen,whichshallbefurtherelaborated.Fromtheperspectiveof
womeninthesecuritysector,theintroductionofreligiousservicesin
the Serbian Armed Forces will be theoretically analysed, while the ex-
tenttowhichithascontributedto(orharmed)genderequality,shall
bedealtwith infurtherempiricalresearchestobeconducted inthe
defence system.
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS50
THE PREVENTION OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE BY RAISING ACTION CAPACITY OF WOMEN - THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA AND INDEPENDENT INSTITUTIONS
Women are in a broader social context Serbia still discriminated
against,marginalized,subjectedtogender-basedviolenceandgender-
based poverty, stereotypical media representation and visible and
easily arguable Interest under-representation in media production.
Theiractioncapacityisrarelysufficientlyarticulatedtoprovidethem
with effective collective action in order to dismantling oppressive
mechanisms. It is necessary to pooling of individual, fragmentary
action in jointactivities, inordertostructurethesocialgroupsasto
becomereallyefficient.Actioncapacityisdefinedasthepossibilityof
somesocialgroups(inthiscase,women)tomobilizecollectiveaction
of itsmembersor toopposepatriarchal conceptionsandpatriarchal
activities, in order to achieve women’s interests. Basic elements of
action capacity are: self-identification of the group, the perception
oftheinter-grouprelations,resources(economic,organizational,and
cultural), readiness of the group’members for action. Although the
actioncapacityofwomeninrecentdecadeshasincreasedgreatly,self-
identification remains relativelyweak and poorly defined. There are
poorand insufficient resources,whileconsiderablepassivityofmost
membersof thegroup still isprevailing.Womenactivistofwomen’s
movement and feminist groups by their organized and planned
activitiescannotalwayscompensateoverallgeneralwomen’spassivity.
Therefore, the media production about violence against women is
oneofpotentialfactorsweakeningthefemaleactioncapacity, ifnot
subjected to critical analysis from the standpoint of the needs and
protectionoftheinterestsofwomen.Butifthereisacriticalanalysis
Dr. Zorica MrševićInstituteofSocialSciences
Belgrade
Abstract Proceedings 2015 51
ofmediaproduction,eventheworstmediaproductionistransformed
intoafactorstrengtheningactioncapacityofwomen.Itprovidesand
presentsargumentsfordevelopingself-awarenessofwomenaswell
as increasing the willingness of women to action. Analysis of media
fromthestandpointofgenderequalityareessentialintermsoffixing
actioncapacityofwomentoinfluencethesociallyorganizedshiftsin
preventingandreducingviolenceagainstwomen.Ascertainmentand
analysis of absence of women perspective in media, stereotypes in
media coverage, especially about violence againstwomen, presence
of gender bias, may strongly serve to reduce gender inequalities
and increase media literacy and media responsibility. Among the
top reports on gender-based violence published in 2014 by media
(although rarely) cameby independent institutions.Violenceagainst
women,whichisthemostdrasticformofviolationofwomen’shuman
rights, is an indicator of how little has been done on eliminating the
rootcausesofthisviolence.Combatingviolenceagainstwomencannot
besuccessfulifthisphenomenonisnotconsideredwithinthecontext
ofgenderstereotypes,prejudicesanddiscriminatoryattitudesdeeply
rootedandwidely spreadamongprofessionalswhowork toprevent
and prosecute violence against women. Many of these stereotypes,
prejudicesanddiscriminatoryattitudes,areinthemediareportingon
violence against women.
Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS52
Notes
Recommended