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Abraham Lincolns Inauguration Speech
Speech stresses keeping the union together at all costs.
Won’t touch slavery where it exists, but will not allow slavery to expand to western territories.
Tells congress he will make no compromises.
Fort Sumter 1861
Whole nation has the idea that there will not be a war.
2nd day in office Abe will send supply ship to Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC
Fort Sumter held by North, but low on supplies.
Southerners will fire upon the supply ship, the Civil War begins.
In a 36 hour span,the South will fire 4,000 rounds.
Fort destroyed, but nobody is injured.
The whole nation is still naïve about the war.
Advantages and Disadvantages of the North and the South
Large Population (2/3 of US population in the North) 1. Creates a large what? ________ 2. People to work in factories building
what for the army? _________ Factories keep North supplied with
guns, bullets, shoes, uniforms.
3. Many, well maintained, uniform railroads for transportation
4. Stable government 5. Established military and Navy
Northern Advantages
Abraham Lincoln Makes the focus of the
North “Preserving the Union-Government by the people, for the people” Plays on
______________(pride for their country)
Enables him to keep public support even during early war losses
Effective Political Leader
1. Great Britain depends on Southern
“king cotton” for their factories Great Britain trades weapons,
manufactured goods, and ships for cotton
2. War is mostly fought on their soil (know the land)
3. Don’t need to “win” just fight long enough to wear down the North
4. Motivated: fighting for “State’s rights” and defending their land
5. Well trained generals from West Point Military College
Southern Advantages
Effective Military Leadership
Robert E. Lee Confederate General Native of Virginia. Will win many battles,
but south will not have enough men and resources to win.
Effective Military Leadership
Robert E Lee’s right hand man, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson.
Extremely efficient leader. Extremely talented in
geography and map skills.
Unfortunately he will accidentally be killed by his own men, killing Southern moral near the end of the war
1. Struggles with poor military leadership in the
beginning George McClellan Ambrose Burnside
2. Must win the war
Northern Disadvantages
Let’s avoid
fighting
Let’s create a crater with explosives
Difference Between Southern and Northern Military
Leadership in the Beginning of the War
McClellan will not advance to Richmond due to southern “cannons”
Turn out to be painted tree trunks.
Confederates will have soldiers march back and forth to over exaggerate their army size.
Both incidents will be extremely embarrassing for the north.
1. Hard to get allies even strong
support from Great Britain because they were a rebelling nation
2. Railroad tracks were different State to State making transportation of goods difficult
3. Southern Confederate States could not agree
4. Ill prepared president Jefferson Davis
5. Lack of Navy ships North able to use Navy to block
British supplies from reaching the South
Southern Disadvantages
Anaconda Plan Cut off Confederate States
from Trade Cut the South in half by
taking control of the Mississippi River
Cut off foreign trade with naval blockade
Capture Southern Capitol of Richmond, VA
Takes years to be successful
Not Free Slaves Must keep support of
border States (slave States of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri
North’s Early Goals for War
Use “King Cotton
Diplomacy” to gain Foreign Allies Destroyed Cotton Crop to
drive up price to gain more money and weapons from Great Britain
Backfires: Britain stars getting cotton from India and Egypt
South’s Early Goals for the War
Major Battles and Events of the Civil War
Spectators show up to watch Loss for the North but South
does not have enough troops to advance
North is humiliated Effect of the Battle: South thinks they have a
chance to win Country realizes the war
will be long and bloody 3000 Northern troops die,
2000 Southern in 1 day
First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) July 1861
One of 2 attempts by the South to
make it into Northern Territory to win the support of the British
North learn of Robert E. Lee’s plans to attack and are prepared
South loses Effects of the Battle Bloodiest day in American
History 22,000 Casualties (25% of Union
forces, 31% of Confederates wounded or dead)
Victory encourages Lincoln to pass the Emancipation Proclamation
North successfully keeps South out of the North, preventing foreign support of the South
Battle of Antietam (MD) Sep 1862
Has to declare Martial Law
in MD after battle of Antietam
Starts a Draft which causes NY draft riots (must pull troops from the war to stop riots)
“Copperheads”: union democrats who make the North fearful “blacks will flock to the North after the war”-hurting northern war support
Needs to change the tune of the war
Abe’s Problems
States: all slaves in the
States that are in rebellion (Confederate States) are free
Does not end slavery in the border States loyal to the Union (why?)
Confederate States obviously ignore this and free zero slaves
Emancipation Proclamation
Political Effect of the Emancipation Proclamation
British population is HIGHLY against slavery, so now they cannot support the South at all because the reason for the war is to end slavery
Lincoln attempts to give the South 3 months before the Proclamation goes into affect to surrender and keep slave status, South refuses
Changes the goal of the war
from “preserving the union” to a moral goal to “liberate the slaves”
How did it free slaves? When southern slaves
heard of the Emancipation Proclamation, they escaped across Union military lines and were welcomed as free people
Union soldiers freed Southern Slaves town by town as they took more Southern territory
Social Effect of the Emancipation Proclamation
Makes it legal for African Americans to enlist in the Army Freed Slaves pick up arms in rebellion
in the South Free Blacks in the North join the war
effort Must serve in segregated units Only White officers Poorly supplied and paid less than
White soldiers Most famous: 54th Massachusetts
Regiment Make a gallant yet unsuccessful effort
against the Confederate army in Charleston Harbor
But begins to prove African Americans are equal in their capabilities, step to equality
Military Effect of the Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln finally finds a successful
general for the Union Army: Ulysses S. Grant
After 2 months successfully capture the city and control the Mississippi River
Effect of the Battle Fulfills Anaconda Plan: Cuts South
off at the Mississippi River limiting supplies and transportation
Begins Total War: North puts all resources into devastating the South until they have nothing left to put into the war
Battle of Vicksburg, Mississippi July
1863
Last attempt by the South to attack the
North to gain foreign support Unsuccessful (Stonewall Jackson is now
dead, no strong leadership) Effects of the Battle Bloodiest Battle in American History
(51,000 casualties in 2 days) Lincoln issues the Gettysburg Address For the first time during the war Union
and Confederate soldiers are buried together on the site of the battle
Lincoln urges the Union to stay together in honor of these men's’ deaths
Battle of Gettysburg, PA July 1863 http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=FsrDeGJUZdQ
General William
Tecumseh Sherman (Called a Bucher and a
Drunk but Lincoln’s just happy to have a General who is willing to fight)
Cuts of Railways into Atlanta, killing supplies for Confederate troops
Overtakes the city
Effect of this Battle Begins Sherman’s March
to the Sea
Battle of Atlanta, GA July 1864
Total War in full Force Sherman’s army will burn and
destroy almost everything they come in contact with including the major cities of Atlanta, GA and Columbia, SC, as they move Northward just South of Virginia
South has been reduces to using old men and children as soldiers
Although unfulfilled: Sherman will issue the 40 Acres and a Mule Field Order as he moves through the South
Sherman’s March to the Sea
1864
Atlanta Columbia
South to running out of soldiers
and supplies Ulysses S Grant attacks
Petersburg, VA taking the city Effects of the Battle Cuts off Railways and supplies to
Confederate Capital of Richmond, VA
This campaign and Sherman’s March to the Sea will force the Confederate Army under Robert E Lee to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in VA April 9, 1965, Ending the Civil War
Siege of Petersburg, VA
March 1865
Death of Abraham Lincoln 1865
At Ford’s Theater Assassination by John
Wilkes Booth Part of a much larger
plot to unravel the federal government
(Song)
Idea of Secession challenged the success of democracy Saying that a small group of people could leave a country because
they were unhappy with who won the election
Success of Union said that he idea of Secession was “null and void”
Says that a majority of one region (Southern slave owners) could not infringe upon the rights of a minority group (slaves) while at the same time complaining their rights were being violated by a national majority vote
However the idea of States rights would continue, especially in the South
Legacy of the Civil War
Time period after the Civil War when Northern troops and Northern Politicians occupied the South to ensure they followed post Civil War laws
Reconstruction
Goal: re-establish full participation of the Southern States in the Union by demonstrating their acceptance of the wars outcome and slave liberation
Does not follow Lincoln’s plan to rebuild the South (leave that to the States themselves)
Purpose of Reconstruction
Determined to retain Independence and way of life
Begin passing “Black Codes”-pass laws that do not respect the rights of freedmen Created labor contracts,
contracting Black “servants” to “White Masters” putting terms and low pay in writing
Stopped freedmen from traveling freely through “vagrancy laws” tying them to former plantations
Whites could force the Black orphan children or children of Black prisoners to be their apprentice until the age of 21
KKK Forms , lynching's become common place
Elected former Confederate officers and officials to Congress
Southern Reaction to
Reconstruction
Refuses to allow Southern
elected officials to join Congress, passing post-war Amendments without their States’ ratification
Northerners elect radical Republicans in the 1866 election, desiring to punish the South for the violence they hear is being committed by Southerners on freedmen
Create the Freedman’s Bureau
Northern Reaction to Black Codes
13th Amendment 1865 Officially abolished and
continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for a crime
Actually ended slavery NOT the Emancipation Proclamation
Amendments Passed After the Civil War
14th Amendment 1868 Guarantees citizenship to
African Americans No person regardless of
race can be deprives of life, liberty, or property
Guarantees right of due process
Amendments Passed After the Civil War
15th Amendment 1870 No citizen may be
denied the right to vote based on race, creed, or previous condition of servitude
Amendments Passed After the Civil War
1865- Freedmen Bureau
1st federal relief agency in US history
Provide clothing, medical attention, meals, education, and negotiated better labor contracts for Black workers in the South.
Even attempted to give back land to freed blacks and poor whites.
Vote to split the South into 5 Military Districts to enforce Reconstruction Amendments
Taking an active role in protecting the rights of Freedman in the South
Congressional Reconstruction Plan (Military Reconstruction
Act of 1867
Congress impeaches President
Andrew Johnson Tried unsuccessfully to veto
Freedman’s Bureau, failed to enforce 14th Amendment in the South, wanted a Reconstruction plan like Lincoln’s (former Southern slave owner)
Does not lose his office Just Limits Johnson’s power
giving Congress full control to use Military control in the South
Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson 1867
Early Reconstruction Effects on African
Americans
Many able to leave plantations
and find lost family members “sold down the river,” uniting families
Some moved out West called?___________
Most will stay in the South
Social Gains
Churches
One of the few institutions controlled and owned by African Americans.
Center of political and social life for African Americans
Ministers are spiritual leaders, but also political and social leaders.
African American Education
Education is segregated.
Black schools will form, with aid of Freedmen's Bureau and Churches
Education for children and adults
Some Black Colleges begin, paid for by Northern Philanthropists
Many States Blacks outnumbered
Whites in the South, so African Americans elected to public office after they gained the right to vote Set up Public Schools and social
programs for all people regardless of race
1st African American men elected to Congress from the South 1870 Hiram Revels (Mississippi) Joseph Rainey (South Carolina)
Political Gains
Still most Southern Governments
run by 2 types of White Politicians: 1. Sympathetic White Republicans
who came from the North as missionaries or entrepreneurs Negatively called “Carpetbaggers”
by Southern Democrats loyal to pre civil war lifestyle
2. Southern Whites open to cooperation with Republican Reconstruction government Negatively called “Scalawags” by
those same Southern Democrats
Limits to Political Gains
Southerners who fought in the war were
often given amnesty (forgiven for crimes) and their land was returned to them Meant no land available for the “40 acres and a mule” promise However most former slaves only new how to farm, having little other labor skills Leads to Sharecropping
Few Economic Gains
System of agriculture where
usually the families of freedman farmed a portion of the landowners land. Must give a portion of their
harvest to the landowner in exchange for housing
Freedmen’s Bureau attempted to negotiate favorable contracts for African Americans but still left these former slaves dependent on White landowners
Sharecropping
Bad harvests meant freedmen were left with little to no extra to sell themselves after giving the landowner his cut
Cotton Prices will fall in the late 1800’s leading to even more desperate times for sharecroppers
Poverty and Sharecropping
Corruption within the Government of
Ulysses S Grant Whiskey Ring Scandal
Economic Depression Black Friday 1869 Price of gold plummeted
Federal attempts to protect rights of Freedmen in the South continuously met with violent terrorist attacks by groups such as the KKK making Northerners feel like Reconstruction was a losing battle, South would never change
Northern Federal Government Distracted
Effect: Government began
shifting its focus away from the South and towards increasing Western Settlement (Transcontinental Railway) and Economic Growth
Republicans begin to lose National Support
Effect of Distractions
Election of 1876
Republicans- Rutherford Hayes
Democrats- Samuel Tilden Tilden wins popular vote
but Hayes wins Electoral Vote by 1, making him the legal president
Democrats agree to allow
Hayes to be president under the following conditions: 1. End Reconstruction 2. Southern States receive
federal money 3. Southern States allowed
to govern themselves 4. Federal Troops are
withdrawn from Southern States
Compromise of 1877
Groups such as the KKK free to economically and physically intimidate African Americans from voting Lynchings, threats
Fearful, African Americans stopped voting Southern White Democrats
eventually replaced Republicans
Created a “Solid South” –South will continue to vote democratic for the next 50 years
Within 20 years protections for African Americans under the 14th and 15th Amendments virtually gone
Effects of the End of Reconstruction
Jim Crow Laws
Laws passed that make it almost impossible for African Americans to vote, own property, etc.
Jim Crow: white comedian who made fun of African Americans Poll taxes (paid a tax to vote) Few African Americans (under
sharecropping) could pay the tax Literacy Tests to vote Used difficult government
documents to test ability to read not “see spot run”
Grandfather Clause: if your grandfather could vote you could vote This let poor uneducated whites
who didn’t pass the poll or literacy tests vote
But how many African American is the South in 1880 had a Grandfather who could vote? Why?
Supreme Court ruling that
upheld Segregation Laws of the South saying that facilities can be segregated as long as they are equal
Separate but Equal: Plessy vs.
Ferguson
Background: Former Slave Founder of the Tuskegee
Institute: Provided Vocational (or training
in a technical/trade skill) Give economic freedom to escape
oppression Supported full equality but
believed employment and economic freedom more important than social or political equality
Booker T. Washington
Atlanta Compromise Speech Publically would accept second
class status for African Americans in exchange for the new Southern Textile Mills hiring hard working former slaves
Reactions to Washington: Northern African Americans saw
him as an “Accomodationist” to segregation and inequality - unhappy
Southern African Americans loved him for their economic successes
Southern Whites accepted him
Booker T. Washington
“In all things that are purely social we (blacks and whites) can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.”
Background: Born Free, first
African American to earn a PHD from Harvard
Direct opposition to Booker T. Washington’s ideas
Believed African Americans should be free to get any educational opportunities/jobs fitting to their talents not just settle for vocational training Promoted White Collar
Managerial and Professional jobs for African Americans
W.E.B. Du Bois
Founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) to promote full social and political rights for African Americans Edited their magazine The
Crisis, which called for social reform at all costs even the use of violence
Reactions to Du Bois African American middle
class towards greater social equality
Scared Whites (even Northerners) who feared their “defacto segregated” facilities and neighborhoods would disappear
W.E.B. Du Bois
Ida B Wells-Barnett
Background: Born a slave (1862) Educated in a Freedmen’s
Bureau School Experienced Jim Crow
Laws first hand Paid less because she
was a black teacher Forced to go to
“colored” RR car
Editor of Desegregation
Newspapers Advocate for the Anti-
Lynching Campaign (saw 3 close friends lynched) Could not stop the practice but
raised awareness of the problem
Fought to desegregate Chicago Schools with Ansell Adams and for Women’s Suffrage
Ida B Wells-Barnett
Founding member of the
NAACP Even more radical than Du
Bois and leaves the NAACP because it was not militant enough (not willing to be as forceful as her in ending inequality)
Very opposed to Booker T Washington’s “Accomodationism”
Ida B Wells-Barnett
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