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Aboriginal Peoples: Claiming Aboriginal Peoples: Claiming Territory, Resources, and Territory, Resources, and
CultureCulture
David Rossiter, WWUDavid Rossiter, WWUStudy Canada Summer Institute, 2010
Franklin Carmichael – Lake Wabagishik
www.bced.gov.bc.ca
Source: Coast Salish Historical Atlas
Modes of DispossessionModes of Dispossession
• Violent conquest
• Divine right / sovereign claim
• Treaty negotiation
• Claiming “empty land” / wilderness
www.kstrom.net
Atlas of Canada
Institutional Support for ClaimsInstitutional Support for Claims
• Royal Proclamation – 1763
• Calder Decision – 1973
• Constitution Act – 1982
• Delgamuukw Decision - 1997
BC Treaty Commission
• Established in 1992• Neutral body mandated to facilitate
negotiation of comprehensive land claim agreements
• 58 nations currently participating• Six stages of negotiation
– 2 Final Agreements ratified, 1 awaiting ratification
– 5 in stage five (Agreement-in-Principle)
www.nativemaps.org
Nisga’aNisga’a
• Land claim finalized April 2000– 100+ years in the making
• 1,992 sq. km returned to Nisga’a
• self-government
• creation of preserved areas outside claim
• cash compensation– compensation– capitalization
James Bay CreeJames Bay Cree
• Quebec begins dam project in 1971– No EIA, no consultation with Cree and Inuit
• 1975 – James Bay Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA) signed
• 1994 – Premier Parizeau cancels project
• 2002: “La Paix des Braves”– Territorial agreement between Que. and Cree– 80% of local people voted for agreement
Eeyou Istchee Eeyou Istchee (“our land, (“our land, Cree land”)Cree land”)
www.gvrd.bc.ca
Land, Resources, Culture
• Dispossession of land and resources accompanied by cultural dispossession– Banned practices (eg. potlatch)– Limited access to legal system– Residential schools
• Fundamental to installing colonial geographic order
• Reconciliation only in last generation
George Southwell – Building Fort Victoria, 1930
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