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Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present. Chapter 1. Tips for Effective Studying. Establish a quiet place, free of distractions, where you do nothing but study. Schedule your study time. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Abnormal Psychology:Past and Present
Chapter 1
Tips for Effective Studying
• Establish a quiet place, free of distractions, where you do nothing but study.• Schedule your study time.• Set specific goals each week (reading the text, watching
the videos, reviewing notes, writing out flashcards, utilize the learning curve, taking summative quiz).• Sleeping immediately after you study will help you
retain more of what you have learned.
2
Abnormal Psychology:
Scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning
3
There is no consensus definition
There are some clear elements of abnormality
What Do We Mean by Abnormality? 4
ABNO
RMALIT
Y
What Is Psychological Abnormality?• “The Four Ds”• Deviance• Distress • Dysfunction • Danger
5
The Elusive Nature of Abnormality
• We may be unable to apply our definition consistently.
6
The Elusive Nature of Abnormality
• Society selects criteria for defining abnormality and uses those criteria to judge particular cases
7
Insanity
Legal term• Defendant is/was unable to know right from wrong.• Experiencing a mental disorder at the time of a
crime does not mean that person is insane.
8
Insanity
~2/3rd acquitted by reason of insanity: schizophrenia• vast majority: history of past hospitalization, arrest, or both•~86% are male•~ 65% of cases involve violent crime•~15% of those acquitted are accused specifically of murder
9
Treatment 10
Not all people receive
treatment
Vast majority of treatment is done on outpatient
basis
Inpatient hospitalization typically in psychiatric
units
What Is Treatment?
• Procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior• Requires careful definition
11
What Is Treatment?
Three essential features:1. A sufferer 2. A trained healer3. A series of contacts through which healer tries to
produce certain changes in the sufferer’s emotional state, attitudes, and behavior
12
What Is Treatment?
• Surrounded by conflict and confusion:• Lack of agreement about goals or aims• Lack of agreement about successful outcome• Lack of agreement about failure• Are clinicians seeking to cure? To teach?• Are sufferers patients (ill) or clients (having difficulty)?
13
How Does Culture Affect What Is Considered Abnormal? 14
Cultural factors influence• Presentation of
disorders found worldwide
• Certain forms of highly culture-specific psychopathology
Culture-Specific Disorders 15
Certain forms of psychopathology highly specific to certain cultures
Voo doo
Multicultural PsychologySeeks to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender affect behavior/thought and how people of different cultures, races, and genders may differ psychologically
16
17
What Do Clinical Researchers Do?• Research: systematic search for facts through use of
careful observations and investigations• Challenges:• Assessing private thoughts• Monitoring mood changes• Calculating human potential
• Must always ensure rights of research participants, both human and animal, are not violated
18
Sources of Information 19
Case studies
Observational approaches
Case Studies 20
Specific individual described in detail
Subject to bias of author of case study
Low generalizability
Observational Approaches 21
Collecting information without asking participants directly for it
Outward behavior can be observed directly
Forming and Testing Hypotheses 22
Hypo
thes es
Anecdotal accounts and unusual research findings help researchers develop hypotheses
Hypotheses must be tested in well-designed research studies
Sampling and Generalization 23
Who should researchers include in a study?
• Individuals who are similar in their behavioral abnormalities
• Study group should mirror underlying population in all important ways
• Large, randomly selected groups are ideal
Measuring Correlation 24
Correlation coefficient
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
Correlation of zero
Measuring Correlation25
Correlations and Causality 26
Correlation does NOT
mean causation
!
Manipulating Variables: The Experimental Method 27
Independent variable
Dependent variable
The Experimental Method
• Allows researchers to ask questions such as: • “Does a particular therapy relieve the symptoms of a
particular disorder?”• “Does drug X work better than drug Y?”• See table 1-4 for comparisons of correlational and
experimental method
28
29
Experimental research
CAN determine causation!
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