Abnormal Psychology - CHS Mrs....

Abnormal Psychology A.K.A. Psychological Disorders

A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing,

maladaptive and unjustifiable.

Early Theories

• Abnormal behavior was evil spirits trying to get out.

• Trephining was often used.

Perspectives and Disorders

Psychological School/Perspective Cause of the Disorder

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Internal, unconscious drives

Humanistic Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings.

Behavioral Reinforcement history, the environment.

Cognitive Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking.

Sociocultural Dysfunctional Society

Biomedical/Neuroscience Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.

DSM IV • Diagnostic

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders.

• DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms.

• DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures.

Two Major Classifications in the DSM

Neurotic Disorders

• Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally.

Psychotic Disorders

• Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions.

John Wayne Gacy

Anxiety Disorders

• a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety.

• the patient fears something awful will happen to them.

• They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

Phobias • A person experiences

sudden episodes of intense dread.

• Must be an irrational fear.

• Phobia List

Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD

• An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

• The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

Panic Disorder

• An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

• Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action.

• Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder a.k.a. PTSD

• Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event.

• Memories of the even cause anxiety.

Questions and Answers

1. What is the definition of Abnormal Psychology?

2. What are the early theories of psychological disorders?

3. What is trephination?

4. Which school of psychology says the cause of a disorder is the

environment and reinforcement history?

5. Which school of psychology says the cause of a disorder is from

a chemical imbalance?

6. What is the DSM? What does it do? What does it not do?

7. What are the 2 major classifications in the DSM?

8. What is an anxiety disorder? (define)

9. List the 5 anxiety disorder and describe each.

Somatoform Disorders

• Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom.

• Two types……

Hypochondriasis

• Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause.

• They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.

Conversion Disorder • Report the

existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason.

• Like blindness or paralysis.

Pol Pot

Dissociative Disorders

• These disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process.

• “Dissociation" describes a state in which the integrated functioning of a person's identity, including consciousness, memory and awareness of surroundings, is disrupted or eliminated

• Three types….

Psychogenic Amnesia

• A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory.

• Retrograde Amnesia

• NOT organic amnesia.

• Organic amnesia can be retrograde or antrograde.

Dissociative Fugue

• People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

• Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder.

• A person has several rather than one integrated personality.

• People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma.

Questions and Answers

1. What is a Somatoform disorder?

2. What are two types of Somatoform disorders? Explain both.

3. Give 2 examples of a Conversion disorder.

4. What are Dissociative disorders?

5. What are 3 types of Dissociative disorders?

6. Explain each type.

----DID video

----Dissociative Fugue video

Mood Disorders

• Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion.

Major Depression

• A.K.A. unipolar depression

• Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause.

• Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.

Seasonal Affective Disorder

• Experience depression during the winter months.

• Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight.

• Treated with light therapy.

Bipolar Disorder

• Formally manic depression.

• Involves periods of depression and manic episodes.

• Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable).

• Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.

Personality Disorders

• Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function.

• Dominates their personality.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Lack of empathy.

• Little regard for other’s feelings.

• View the world as hostile and look out for themselves.

Normal Brain vs. Murderer’s Brain

Dependent Personality Disorder

• Rely too much on the attention and help of others.

• Common in kids, disorder in adults

• Chronic physical illness is common early or separation anxiety

Histrionic Personality Disorder

• Needs to be the center of attention.

• Whether acting silly or dressing provocatively.

• Only disorder directly related to physical appearance

• Found in above average looking people

• Norepinephrine involved

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

• Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance.

• Thinking that you are the center of the universe.

• 50-75% male

Obsessive –Compulsive Personality Disorder

• Overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors.

• Not as extreme as OCD anxiety.

• No single cause

Questions and Answers

1. What are 3 types of mood disorders?

2. Which mood disorder has both high and low states?

3. Why are people more likely to feel depressed in winter?

4. What is the treatment for seasonal affective disorder?

5. What is the major symptom for major depression?

6. What does DSM stand for?

7. What is the definition of Personality Disorders?

8. List the 4 personality disorders that I covered and describe each.

Schizophrenic Disorders

• About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

1. Disorganized thinking.

2. Disturbed Perceptions

3. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

Disorganized Thinking

• The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs.

• Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information.

Delusions (false beliefs)

• Delusions of Persecution

• Delusions of Grandeur

Disturbed Perceptions

• hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

• Laugh at

inappropriate times.

• Flat Effect

• Senseless,

compulsive acts.

• Catatonia-

motionless Waxy

Flexibility

Positive v. Negative Symptoms

Positive Symptoms •Presence of inappropriate symptoms

Negative Symptoms •Absence of appropriate ones.

Types of Schizophrenia

Disorganized Schizophrenia

• disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion.

• Clang associations

• "Imagine the worst Systematic, sympathetic Quite pathetic, apologetic, paramedic Your heart is prosthetic"

Paranoid Schizophrenia

• preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations.

• Somebody is out to get me!!!!

Catatonic Schizophrenia

• Flat effect

• Waxy Flexibility

• parrot like repeating of another’s speech and movements

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

• Many and varied Symptoms.

Before Schizophrenia

After

Questions and Answers

1. What are 3 types of mood disorders?

2. Explain each type.

3. Name and describe 3 personality disorders.

4. What are 3 symptoms of schizophrenia?

5. Describe each symptom in one sentence.

6. What are the 4 types of schizophrenia?

7. Describe each type.

Other Disorders

• Paraphilias (pedophilia, hybristophilia)

• Fetishism

• sadist, masochist

• Eating Disorders

• Substance use disorders

• ADHD

The Rosenhan Study

• Rosenhan’s associates were Malingering symptoms of hearing voices.

• They were ALL admitted for schizophrenia.

• None were exposed as imposters.

• They all left diagnosed with schizophrenia in remission.

• What are some of the questions raised by this study?

Therapy

• It used to be that if someone exhibited abnormal behavior, they were institutionalized.

• Because of new drugs and better therapy, the U.S. went to a policy of deinstitutionalization.

Psychoanalytic Therapy

• Psychoanalysis (manifest and latent content through…. hypnosis free association, dream, interpretation).

• Unconscious

• Transference

• Other therapies will result in symptom substitution.

Humanistic Therapy • Client-Centered Therapy

by Carl Rogers

• These are non-directive therapies and use active listening.

• Self-actualization, free-will and unconditional positive regard.

• Gestalt Therapy by Fritz Perls encourage clients to get in touch with whole self.

Behavioral Therapies

Counterconditioning

• Classical Conditioning

1. Aversive Conditioning

2. Systematic desensitization

3. Flooding

Operant Conditioning

• Token Economy

Cognitive Therapy

• Change the way we view the world (change our schemas)

• Aaron Beck (get clients to engage in things that bring success)

• Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Therapy

Somatic Therapies

Psychopharmacology

• Antipsychotics (thorazine, haldol)

• Anti-anxiety (valium, barbiturates, Xanax)

• Mood Disorders (serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

• Bipolar (lithium)

Somatic Therapy

• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)- for depression.

• Psychosurgury

1. Prefontal lobotomy

Group Therapy