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www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 5, 2020.
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Pachpor et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
A THOROUGH COMPARATIVE BOTANICAL AND AYURVEDIC
REVIEW OF SHIGRU (MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM) ALONG WITH
ITS NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE
Dr. Abhijeet G. Pachpor*1, Dr. Sandhyarani R. Agarkar
2, Dr. Tabasum Pansare
3,
Dr. Sharadkumar Maurya4, Dr. Surekha Khandekar
5 and Dr. Najneen Bhaldar
6
1Assistant Professor, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan Dr. V.J.D.G.A.M. Patur,
Maharashtra, India. 2Assistant Professor, Department of Kaumarbhrityatantra Dr. V.J.D.G.A.M. Patur,
Maharashtra, India. 3Associate Professor, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan Government Ayurveda College,
Osmanabad, Maharashtra, India. 4P.G. Scholar, Department of Kriya Sharir, Government Ayurveda College, Osmanabad,
Maharashtra, India 5P.G. Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Government Ayurveda College,
Osmanabad, Maharashtra, India. 6Assistant Professor, Department of Kriya Sharir, Dhanwantari Ayurved College, & Hospital,
Udgir, Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT
Shigru (Moringa oleifera Lam) is one of the most important drugs
having anthraquinones, flavonoids, sitosterol, tannins, glycosides
which possess the anti-cancerous property. Shigru is well known for its
nutritional value and is used to treat malnutrition both in infants and
nursing mothers. Many researchers have established its antioxidant,
anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects.
Shigru is extensively used and described in Ayurvedic literatures.
Acharya Charaka mentioned Shigru as Svedopaga,
Shirovirechanopaga and Krimighna while Acharya Sushruta and
Vagbhata in Varunadi gana which is used to treat urinary system
ailments. According to Bhavprakash Shigru is useful in the treatment of Apachi, Gulma,
Ganda.[1]
Raj nighantu mentioned Shigru as Mukhjadyahara (oral disorder)[2]
so we can use
Shigru in various oral disorders. Shigru is basically native to India but it widely grows in
Africa, Asia and some part of South America. Shigru contains various types of vitamins,
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SJIF Impact Factor 7.632
Volume 9, Issue 5, 178-192 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357
*Corresponding Author
Dr. Abhijeet G. Pachpor
Assistant Professor,
Department of Dravyaguna
Vigyan Dr. V.J.D.G.A.M.
Patur, Maharashtra, India.
Article Received on
22 Feb. 2020,
Revised on 13 March 2020,
Accepted on 02 April 2020
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20205-15993
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Pachpor et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
proteins and some minerals which are having many health benefits to mankind and used to
treat malnutrition.
KEYWORDS: Shigru, Moringa oleifera Lam, Literature review of Shigru.
INTRODUCTION
Shigru (Moringa oleifera Lam) belongs to family Moringaceae and is commonly known as
‘horse radish’ tree, ‘drumstick’ tree, ‘ben-oil tree’ or ‘benzoil tree’, ‘cabbage tree’, ‘mother’s
best friend’ and ‘miracle tree’ in English.[3]
A study conducted by Sreelatha s., Jeyachitra A.,
and Padma P.R. on leaves extract of Shigru has concluded that the leaves extract has a
potential for cancer chemoprevention & can be claimed as a therapeutic target for cancer.[4]
Shigru is very easy to use, its fresh leaves can be eaten directly or dried in shade to make
powder for long time preservation without losing its nutritional contents. We can find many
research articles proving its nutritional importance some of them are as follows- Duke in
2014 have established that the lives of Shigru contain tremendously high nutritive
component. Barminas and et al., in 1998 have found that lives of Shigru are the richest
source of minerals like magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), copper
(Cu), iron (Fe), etc.[5]
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For authentic data relating to various aspects of Shigru, an information is collected from
Veda, Samhita, Nighantu, Kosha, pharmacopoeia, previous research works etc.
Scientific classification
Sanskrit Name: Shigru
Botanical name – Moringa oleifera Lam
Etymological Derivation of Botanical Name
- Moringa: From the Malayalam Muringa or Tamil murungai
- Oleifera: From the Latin oleum, olei-fero, meaning oil-bearing, in reference of the seeds of
the species.
Family – Moringaceae.
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DIAGRAMS
Plate no. 1: Shigru Tree, Plate no. 2: Shigru Pods,
Plate no. 3: Shigru Inflorescence, Plate no. 4: Shigru Seeds
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
Bentham & Hooker Classification
Kingdom Plantae
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Brassicales
Family Moringaceae
Genus Moringa
Species M.oleifera
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Hutchinson Classification
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Spermatophyte
Sub-phylum Angiospermae
Order Capparidales
Family Moringaceae
Genus Moringa
Species Oleifera
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO AYURVEDIC TEXT
I. According to Karya-Karana Bheda – Karya Dravya
II. According to Chetanachetana Bheda – Chetana Dravya
III. According to Yoni Bheda – Audbhida Dravya
IV. According to Aushadha – Aushadhi Dravya
V. According to Rasa – Katu,Tikta in rasa
VI. According to Vipaka – Katu Vipaki Dravya
VII. According to Veerya – Ushna Veerya Dravya
VIII. According to Doshakarma – Kapha-vata-shamaka
IX. According to Guna – Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna
Vernacular names
Language Name
Latin Moringa oleifera
Sanskrit Subhanjana
Hindi Saguna, Sainjna, sahijana
Gujarati Suragavo
Tamil Morigkai
Telugu Mulaga, Munaga
Malayalam Murinna, Sigru
Punjabi Sainjna, Soanjna
Unani Sahajan
Ayurvedic Akshiva, Haritashaaka, Raktaka, Tikshnagandhaa
Arabian Rawag
French Moringe à graine ailée, Morungue
Spanish Ángela, Ben, Moringa
Portuguese Moringa, Moringueiro
Chinese La ken
English Drumstick tree, Horseradish tree, Ben tree
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SYNONYMS
ऩययाय भयवप्रकयशननघंटु कैयदेवननघंटु धन्वंतररननघंटु रयजननघंटु मदनऩयऱननघंटु ननघंटुआदशा शोभयंजन + + + + + +
शशग्रु + + + + +
तीक्ष्णगन्धक + + + + - -
अऺीव + + - - - +
मोचक + + - - - -
हररतशयक - - + + - -
शयकऩत्र - - - + - -
सुऩत्रक - - - + - -
उऩदंश - - - + - -
ऺमयदंश - - - + - -
दंशमूऱ - - - + - -
तीक्ष्णमूऱ - - - + - -
बहुमुऱी - - - + - -
कोमऱऩत्रक - - - + - -
ऱघुऩत्रक - - + - - -
मुखभंग - + + - - -
मुऱकऩणी - + + - - -
अवदंशऺम - + + - - -
कृष्णगंध - + - - + +
शयऱनऺम - + - - - -
घनच्छद - + - - - -
ववद्रधीघ्न - + - - - -
मुऱकच्छद - + - - - -
मुरंगी - + - - - -
बहुऱच्छद - + - - + -
सहहजन - - - - - +
Etymology of synonyms and their interpretation
Sobhanjana – सुष्ठुभनक्ततमुखसंौभयञ्जन् ।
Due to its bitter taste it changes the taste of mouth
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Shobhanjana – शोभयमनक्तत ।
Very auspicious tree, which due to its beautiful flower looks beautiful.
Shigru – शशनोनत तैतक्ष््ययक्शशग्रु् ।
Have strong, piercing qualities
Teekshnagandha – तीक्ष्णोगंधोऽस्य ।
Have strong and pungent odour
Aksheeva – ऺीबन्शयनेनयवषृ्यशवयदऺीव् ।
Because it can alleviate Kapha dosha in body.
Mochaka – मुञ्जनतरोगयशमोचक् ।
Due to its property to cure diseases
TYPES OF SHIGRU
There are two kinds of Shigru in classical texts of medicine on the basis of flower colour viz.
white and Red, which are bitter and sweet (katu-madhura) in taste & they are specifically
known as KatuShigru & Madhu Shigru respectively. KatuShigru botanically identified as
M.oleifera Lam, occurring almost throughout country and available commonly, but
MadhuShigru, botanically identified as M. concanensis with restricted distribution in Bangal,
Sindha. Leaves bipinnate somewhat longer than those of M. oleifera Lam, and flowers
pinkish yellow in colour in case of M.concanensis Nimmo. Another kind of Shigru is Nila
Shigru (blue variety) in texts of Raj Nighantu & Materia medica, Hooker also mentioned two
types of Shigru.
शोभयन्जन् शशग्रुतीक्ष्णगंधकयऺीवमोचकय्। तद् बीजं श्वेतमररच ंमधशुशग्रुस्तु ऱोहहत्॥ (भय. प्र)
Type of Shigru Description Latin name
MadhuShigru Red flower Moringa concanensis Nimmo
KatuShigru White flower Moringa oleifera Lam
According to Modern science[6]
– there are 13 species from tropical and subtropical climates
that range in size from tiny herbs to massive trees.
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SR.NO Species Native place
1. Moringa arborea Verdc Kenya
2. Moringa concanensis Nimmo Northen India
3. Moringa borziana Mattei Somalia
4. Moringa drouhardii Jum Southwestern Madagaskar
5. Moringa hildebrandtii Engl. Southwestern Madagaskar
6. Moringa longituba Engl Ethiopia and Somalia
7. Moringa oleifera Lam. Northwestern India
8. Moringa ovalifolia Dinter & Berger Namibia and Angola
9. Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori Horn of Africa and in the Southern
Sinai, Egypt
10. Moringa oleifera Verdc. Somalia
11. Moringa rivae Chiov. Kenya and Ethiopia
12. Moringa ruspoliana Engl. Ethiopia
13. Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufod. Kenya and Ethiopia
PROPERTIES (RASA PANCHAKA)
The Concept of Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka of Shigru –
Acharya Charaka says that some drugs act in accordance with their tastes, others in
accordance with their virya (potency), and yet others in accordance with their Gunas
(qualities) or Vipaka (post-digestive effects) or Prabhava inferred on the basis of Rasa, Guna,
Virya and Vipaka. Here Rasa, Guna etc of Shigru has been collected from the various texts.
In Dhanvantari Nighantu, the rasa of Shigru is described as Katu, tikta rasa. But the author
Kaiyadeva in his 'Patyapathya Vibodaka' has mentioned, the rasa of Shigru as katu, tikta,
Madhur. In Bhavaprakasha Nighantu the rasa of Shigru is tikta while other text like
Nighantu Aadarsha, Dravyaguna vidnyana (P.V.Sharma) accepted katu, tikta rasa of Shigru.
All the authors have accepted that Shigru possesses Sheeta veerya and Katu vipaka.
Regarding the Guna, Shigru is credited with tikshna, and laghu Guna by Nighantu Aadarsha,
Madanpal Nighantu, Kaiyadev Nighantu and tikshna, laghu, ruksha in Guna by
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Dravyaguna Vidnyana (P.V.Sharma).
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Sr.
No.
Name of the
texts RASA VIPAKA VRYA GUNA
MAHABHUTA
ADHIKYA
1. Dhanwantari
Nighantu Katu Tikta Katu Ushna -
Pruthvi+Aap
Pruthvi+Vaayu
2. Raj Nighantu Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Tikshna Pruthvi+Aap
Pruthvi+Vaayu
3. Kaiyyadeva
Nighantu
Katu Madhura
Tikta Katu Ushna
Tikshna
Laghu
Ruksha
Agni+Vaayu
Pruthvi+Aap
Vaayu+Akash
4. Bhav
Prakasha Tikta Madhura Katu Ushna
Tikshna Laghu
Ruksha
Vaayu+Akash
Madhura
6. Priya
Nighantu Katu Tikta Katu Ushna
Tikshna Laghu
Ruksha
Vaayu+Agni
Vaayu+Akash
7. Nighantu
Adarsha Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Tikshna Laghu
Vaayu+Agni
Vaayu+Akash
8. Madanapal
Nighantu
Madhura
Kashaya Katu Ushna
Tikshna
Laghu
Pruthvi+Aap
Pruthvi+Vaayu
PRAYOJYANGA: Root, Seeds, Leaves
Detailed drug review is described under following stages
A. Shigru in Vedic era.
B. Shigru in Samhita period
C. Shigru in Nighantu period
D. Shigru in Modern era
VEDIC KALA
The literary review of the Shigru was started right from the Vedas up to recent research works
to obtain thorough knowledge of drug. On comprehensive review of Ayurvedic classics it was
found that Shigru is described in Vedas. Vedas are the authentic source for the knowledge of
Ayurveda.
Rig-veda (6000 B.C.) which is the oldest and authenticated documentation for the knowledge
of Ayurveda had mentioned Shigru for the use of Janapadvishesh.
As per Kaushiksutra, Pradeha of Shigru and Navneet is used in Krimirog.
In Atharva parishishta samidha, Shigru is used for Uchhatan karma.
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As per Dharmasutra Shigru is contraindicated for tooth brushing and it should not be used in
annual ritual function.
No. Use Reference
1. Janapadvishesh ऋ. ७/१८/१९ (जनऩदववषेश); वव.ध.-६१/३; ७९/१७;
वै.ध.-३/५/८
2. Krimiroga कौ.स.ू- २९/२३; ३७/५; अ.ऩ.-२६/५/१-५; ऩय.ग.-
२/४/६७; ४/१/१०४; ४/३/१६४;
3. Uchhatana karma ऩय.उ.भो.-२/१/९७; अ.शय-ं२०/५
SAMHITA PERIOD
The Samhita period can be considered as the creative period of the Indian Medicine. In
Samhita period Charaka Samhita, Susruta Samhita, Vaghbhata Samhita, Harita Samhita,
Vangasen Samhita, Chakradatta Samhita etc. were written. The era of the Samhita dates back
to 2500 B.C. to 500 A.D.
Systematic classification of the drugs is found in Samhitas. In Charak Samhita about 500
drugs were grouped under different headings based on therapeutic properties. Among these
drugs Shigru is mentioned in.
Charaka Samhita
In second Adhyaya of Charaka sutra sthana Shigru is mentioned as Shirovirechan dravya.
Cha.Su. 2/3.
अऩयमयगास्य बीजयनन वऩप्ऩऱीमाररचयनन च। ववडगंयन्यथ शशग्रूणण सषाऩयंस्तुम्बुरुणण च ॥३॥
In Charak Sutrasthana Adhyaya, it is quoted under shirovirechanopaga Mahakashay.
Cha.Su.4/27.
ज्योनतष्मतीऺवकमररचवऩप्ऩऱीववडगंशशग्रुसषाऩयऩयमयगात्डुऱश्वेतयमहयश्वेतय इनत दशमेयनन
शशरोववरेचनोऩगयनन भवक्न्त ॥२७॥
CLASSIFICATION OF SHIGRU IN BRIHATTRAYI
Name of the Treatise Varga/Skanda/Gana
Charaka Samhita Shirovirechan dravya, Shirovirechanopaga Dashemani, Katuk Skand
Susruta Samhita Varunadi Varga, Shirovirechan Dravya, Katuka Varga
Ashtanga hrudaya Naavan gana
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ACCORDING TO AYURVEDIC LEXICONS
Nighantu Period
According to Ayurveda Nighantu is defined as:
ननघ्टु ऩु कोश्। आयुवेदोहदत औषधीनयं ऩययायगुणयहदवणानऩर् कोशववशषे्। र.र.स.७/२६ As per writer of Rasaratnasamucchaya the Nighantu may be defined as a glossary containing
synonymous groups, the names of the drugs, plants, animals, minerals or anything that is
administered either as food or medicine to the human body.
According to Raj Nighantu
ननघ्टुनय ववनय वैद्यो ववव्दयन ्व्ययकरणं ववनय । अनभ्ययसेन धयनुष्कस्त्रयो हयस्यस्य भयजनम ्॥
रय.नन.श्ऱोक ९
Means, the Vaidya who does not have the knowledge of Nighantu, the scholar who doesn't
have knowledge of grammar, and the archer who doesn't practice for every day, people will
surely laugh at them.
According to Dhanwantari nighantu
अनयमववन्मोहमुऩैनत वैद्यो न वेक्शत ऩश्यन्नवऩ भेषजयनन । क्रिययिमो भेषजमूऱमेव तद् भेषज ंचयवऩ ननघ्टुमूऱम ्॥
ध.नन.श्ऱोक १३
Without knowing the names of plants Vaidya get confused and does not recognise medicinal
plant and its use. The treatment totally depends on drugs and the root of drug stays in
Nighantu. The Nighantu literature is one of the important aspects in the study of Ayurveda
and especially in the subject of Dravyaguna Vidnyana. Shigru is explained in almost all the
important Nighantus and Kosha. Below is some important information of Shigru in various
Nighantu.
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Name of Nighantu Synonyms of Shigru Gana Uses of Shigru
MADANADI-
NIGHANTU
(5TH CENT. A.D.)
-
Chandra-Nandana
described Shigru in
Varunadi gana as
term Bahalpallava
Kapha medo roga.
Mandagni, Adhayavata,
Shiroshula, Gulma,
AntahVidradhi.
SAUSHRUTA
NIGHANTU
(6th Cent. A.D.)
Haritashaka, Vahalapatra,
Mulapatrka Tikshnagandha Varunadi Gana
Kaphamedo Vishasana,
Shiroshula, Gulma,
Abhyantara Vidradhi.
PARYAYAA
RATNAMALA
(9th Cent. A.D.)
Shobhanjana, Tikshnagandha
and Moolakaparni Varunadi Gana.
Vidradhi, Shlesma-
medohara, Gulma
DHANVANTARI
NIGHANTU – (10th –
13th Cent. A.D.)
Laghu-patraka,
Avadanksaksama, Dansha,
Moolakaparni etc.
Karviradi Varga
and Harita Saka
Krimighna, Vishaghna,
Vidradhi nasaka, Pliha
nasaka
SHABDACANDRIKA
(11th Cent. A.D)
Mocaka, Shobhanaka and
Kaminsah etc. Vriksadi Varga -
SODHALA
NIGHANTU
(12th Cent. A.D.)
Harita saka, Shigruko, Laghu-
patraka, Svetak etc. KarviradiVarga
Hikka, Kasa, Visha,
Swasa, Parshvaruka,
Putigandha, Badhavitko,
Upadansha
SIDDHAMANTRA
(12th – 13th cent A.D.) -
Kapha-Vataghna
Varga -
HRIDAYADIPAKA
NIGHANTU (13th
Cent. A.D.)
Murangi is synonym of Madhu
Shigru. Tikshnagandha,
Shobhanjana, Shigruja
Tripada Varga and
Bahal Dala -
ABHIDHANA
RATNAMALA
(SHADRASA
NIGHANTU)
(13th Cent. A.D)
Shobhanjana, Bahalpallava,
Murangi, Mulakadala - -
MADHAV
DRAVYAGUNA
(13th Cent. A.D)
- Lavana Varga,
Taila Varga Gulma, Arsha, Grahani
MADANAPALA
NIGHANTU
(14th Cent. A.D.)
Krishnagandha, Bahulcchada Shakadi Varga Vidradhi, Pliha,
Raktapitta, Vrna
KAIYADEVA
NIGHANTU
(14th Cent. A.D)
Bahalachaad, Harichaad,
Shubhanjana, Vidradhigna,
Akshiva
Aushadhi Varga Shothaghna, Agnidipana
and Saraka
BHAVAPRAKASH
NIGHANTU
(16th Cent. A.D.)
Sveta-maricha, Shobhanjana,
Akshiva, Mochaka Guduchyadi Varga
Dipana, Rochaka,
Shukral, Hridya etc.
GUNA RATNAMALA
(16th Cent. A.D) - Shaka Varga
Kapha Pittahara and
useful in Shula Kustha
RAJA NIGHANTU
(17th Century A.D.)
Shakapatra, Supatraka,
Upadansha,, Komalapatraka Mulakadi Varga
MukhajAdhyahara,
Ruchikara, Dipana
PRIYA NIGHANTU
(20th Cent. A.D.) Shobhanjana Haritakyadi Varga
Gulma, Sula Vidradhi
Sopha, Ganda and Krimi
SHODASHANGA - - KaphaVata Samaka and
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HRIDAYAM (20th
Cent. A.D)
Dipana
ARKA PRAKASA Shobhanjana, Shigru - Ruchikara, Grahi,
Dipana
SHALIGRAMA
NIGHANTU - Guduchyadi Varga -
NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF DRIED LEAF POWDER OF SHIGRU
Table 1: Nutritional contents of dried leaves powder of Shigru.
Content Concentration (mg/100g) dried leaf powder
Calories (Joules)
Carbohydrate (mg/100g)
Protein %
Fat %
Fibre %
Vitamin A (mg/100g)
Vitamin B1 (mg/100g)
Vitamin B2 (mg/100g)
Vitamin B3 (mg/100g)
Vitamin C (mg/100g)
330
41.2
6.8
0.5
19.2
18.9
2.64
20.5
8.20
19.3
Table 1: Mineral contents of dried leaves powder of Shigru.
Content Concentration (mg/100g) dried leaf powder
Calcium
Magnesium
Potassium
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Zinc
Manganese
Copper
Selenium
Iron
1530
255
170
158
925
3.30
36.5
0.60
11.8
126.2
Table 1: Mineral contents of dried leaves powder of Shigru.
Essential Amino acids Concentration (mg/100g) dried leaf powder
Ariginine
Histidine
Isoleucin
Leucin
Lysine
Methionine
Phynylalanine
Theonine
Cistein
1250
615
1,500
1995
1300
348
1390
1,255
122.225
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As above tables clearly mentioned the high nutritional, mineral and essential amino acid
content in Shigru which are strong indicative of use of Shigru in the treatment of
malnutrition. Minerals are much needed in various metabolic processes constantly occurring
in body. Various vitamins are also required to strengthen the immune system and fight
various infections. Shigru leaves contain more potassium than bananas, more vit. C than
oranges and that the protein quality of Shigru is comparable to that of eggs and milk.
However, study shows that the dried leaf extract contains higher concentrations compared to
the fresh leaves of Shigru.
DISCUSSION
After going through detailed review of literature in Ayurveda and after interpreting the
observation based on the knowledge of literary review the different aspects of the study are
the drug Shigru (Moringa oleifera Lam) is well considered as Gulmahara, Apachihara,
Arbudhara having references in Vedas, in various Nighantus such as Raj Nighantu,
Madanadi Nighantu, Dhanwantari Nighantu, Nighantu Aadarsha, Chandra:Nandana
Nighantu, Shodhala Nighantu, Hridayadipak Nighantu, Abhidhan Ratnaamala, Madanpal
Nighntu etc. and its references are also found in Bruhatrayees, where this plant is included in
various formulations.
According to Dhanwantari Nighantu, Nighantu Aadarsha, Raj Nighantu, Priya Nighantu, the
Rasa of Shigru is described as Katu, Tikta Rasa, while on the other hand Kaiyadev Nighantu,
Bhavprakash Nighantu, Madanadi Nighantu has mentioned Rasa of Shigru as
Katu:Madhura:Tikta, Tikta-Madhur, Madhur-kashay respectively. But all Acharya are in
agreement with the Katu Vipaka of Shigru.
From above study it is found that Shigru contents essential amino acids, vitamins, and
phytochemicals which makes the leaf of Shigru a good nutritional supplement for food and it
also has the potential to improve the health status of its users.
CONCLUSION
Shigru is frequently described in kosha, Ayurvedic lexicons & Samhitas. It is said to be
effective in treatment of Gulma, Apachi, Arbuda etc. it is richest source of vitamins, minerals,
proteins, essential amino acid hence can be used as nutritional supplement and can be used to
treat malnutrition in both children and adults.
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Recommended