A Road Map and Principles for the Implementation of Built Environment Sustainability

A Road Map and Principles for the Implementation of

Built Environment Sustainability

Presented by

Dr. Jorge VanegasSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Georgia Institute of Technologyjvanegas@ce.gatech.edu

Auckland, New ZealandJuly 2004

The Future arrives every second as today’s reality, and it does not have “Pause” nor

“Reset” buttons….

... and, whether we like it, accept it, or even care about it, Sustainability is an integral part of the Future, if not it’s only hope….

So, the choices we have are simple:

• Are we going to contribute to make the Future we want happen…?

• Are we going to just wait and see what Future will happen…?

• Or, when whatever Future arrives:– Are we going to ask what happened…?– Or, are we just going to say “huh, something

happened” …?

This presentation is about the reality we want for the future that is yet to

come, specifically for the future of the Built Environment...

… a Built Environment composed of Facilities (e.g., residential, building,

and industrial facilities), and ofCivil Infrastructure Systems (e.g.,

transportation, energy, water supply, waste management, communications)...

… that nations, public and private sector organizations, communities, families, and individuals need and

want to exist, develop, and survive…

So, let me start by asking two questions…

First, can you imagine a world…

…without Architects, Engineers, and Constructors, and the facilities and

civil infrastructure systems we envision, plan, design, build, and

maintain, in response to the problems, needs, opportunities, and desires of a broad and diverse range

of stakeholders…?

Second, what if Architects, Engineers,and Constructors could no longer do

what we do, how we do it,

andwith what?

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

What we do...

...howwe

do it...

...andwith

what...

Compatibility

patibility

Processes for theDelivery and Use

of a Specific Facility orCivil Infrastructure System

Resources for theDelivery and Use

Characteristics and Requirementsof a Specific Facility or

Civil Infrastructure System

Definition of theContextual Envelope

(Inspired by M. Vorster)

Characteristics and Requirementsof a Specific Facility or

Civil Infrastructure System

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Compatibility

patibility

Definition of theContextual Envelope

(Inspired by M. Vorster)

As a resultof current

unsustainableparadigms

andbehaviors...

So, let’s take a quick and closer look at the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) Industry …

It is large…

• Global $ 3.2 T

• U.S. Domestic $ 1.1 T

– Construction $ 710 B

– Renovation $ 282 B

– Maintenance $ 148 B

– Materials $ 353 B

Source: Jack Snell, NIST

Residential(34%)

• Single-family homes• Townhouses• Apartments• Condominiums• Other

HeavyEngineering(17%)

• Dams• Highways• Airports• Pipelines• Other

Industrial (16%) • Refineries

• Power Plants• Steel Mills• Heavy Manufacturing• Other

BuildingConstruction

(33%)• Schools• Office Buildings• Warehouses• Shopping Centers• Other

It is diverse…

Source: Jack Snell, NIST

It has many stakeholders…

InternalDirect

• Owners• Users• Developers• Clients• Others

ExternalIndirect

• Regulatory Agencies• Manufacturers• Suppliers• Financiers• Others

ExternalDirect

• Planners• Designers• Contractors• Communities• Others

InternalIndirect

• Investors• Users• Consumers• Dependents• Others

(Jain et al. 1994; Halliday 1994; Vanegas 1987; Hendrickson & Au 1989)

It faces many challenges…

• Overpopulation, disease, and social, economic, and political conflicts

• Widespread infrastructure deterioration, pollution, and urban sprawl

• Natural resource depletion and degradation, waste generation and accumulation, and environmental impact and degradation

• Complex interrelationship between the economic development needs and the environmental problems resulting from development efforts

(Roodman & Lenssen 1996; Loken et al. 1994)

It takes (in the U.S.)…

• 65% of total electricity consumption • 50% of fossil fuels consumed• 40% of materials use• 25% of wood harvest • 17% of fresh water withdrawals• 124 trillion gallons/year total water use• 146,000 gallons/year average household use:

– 42% indoors, 58% outdoors• … and much more…

(Kibert et al. 1994; Zeiher 1996 ; Tchobanoglous et al. 1994; EBN 2001)

It leaves (in the U.S.)…

• 136 million tons of construction and demolition waste annually

• 8-20% of solid waste• 25% of CFC emissions • 36% of CO2 emissions• 740 million tons of CO2 from commercial buildings

alone• $60 Billion in medical expenses due to Sick Building

Syndrome• … and much more…

(EBN 2001)

It continues to grow…

• Total land area in U.S. = 1.94 billion acres• Developed land in U.S. (excluding Alaska): 98.2

million acres• Increase from 1982 to 1997: 34%• Average annual increase: 2.3%• Increase in urbanized land relative to population

growth: 2.65 times the rate of population growth• … and much more…

(EBN 2001)

It continues to evolve…

• 170,000 commercial buildings constructed annually• 44,000 commercial buildings demolished annually• 1.6 million new homes built annually (1.3 million

single family)• 245,000 housing units demolished annually• … and much more…

(EBN 2001)

It leaves a legacy…

• 4.6 million commercial buildings • 101.5 million homes (63.8 single-family)• 425,000 brownfield sites• 4 million paved miles• 35.4 million square miles total paved surfaces

(public roadways, paved parking areas, and driveways)

• More than 50% of wetlands lost in the lower 48 states between the late 1700s and the mid-1980s

• … and much more…

In other words, we face an unsustainable linear approach to development…

Extraction and Useof PrimaryResources

Renewable andNonrenewable

Natural Resources

Processing andManufacture

Use and Consumption ofTechnologies, Systems,

Products, Materials, and Services,in the Delivery, Operation,

and Maintenance of Facilities and

Civil Infrastructure Systems(FCIS)

Transportation andCommercialization

Productionand Use of

EnergyEnd-of-Service-

Life Decision

Technologies,Systems,

Products, andMaterials for FCIS

Waste Generation andAccumulation

ResourceDepletion andDegradation Environmental

Impact and Degradation

Impacts to Humans(Inspired by D. Roberts)

So, what can we do to address and overcome these challenges?

A wide range of constituencies, not only in the AEC industry but in other

industries as well, have been attempting for many years the

implementation of possible mechanisms to slow, reduce, and eliminate these impacts, and even

restore conditions to a better state…

In other words, they have been striving to implement sustainability…

Social/Cultural/Political/Regulatory,Economic/Financial,

Ecological/EnvironmentalContext

GRADUAL CHANGETOWARDS

SUSTAINABILITY

SustainableResource

Management

Reduction/Elimination of

SustainableStrategies andTechnologies

ResourceRecovery

Intra- andIntergenerational

Satisfaction of HumanNeeds and Aspirations

Technologies,Systems,

Products, andMaterials for FCIS

Extraction and Useof PrimaryResources

Renewable andNonrenewable

Natural Resources

Processing andManufacture

Use and Consumption ofTechnologies, Systems,

Products, Materials, and Services,in the Delivery, Operation,

and Maintenance of Facilities and

Civil Infrastructure Systems(FCIS)

Transportation andCommercialization

Productionand Use of

EnergyEnd-of-Service-

Life Decision

Waste Generation andAccumulation

ResourceDepletion and Degradation

EnvironmentalImpact and Degradation

Impacts to Humans(Inspired by D. Roberts)

However, one problem is that when you start to discuss sustainability…

• Some people strive to use tactics to leave you: – Scared… (the possible outcomes)– Bad… (the statistics and blame)– Guilty… (the greater good)– Confused… ( the intellectual base)– Relieved… (the technological fix)

• Although any discussion on Built Environment Sustainability (BES) needs to address all these points of view, this presentation will strive to avoid the polarization they inevitably cause…

… and instead of debating any of these points of view, focus on:

what could the A/E/C Industry do to effectively implement

Built Environment Sustainability(BES)?

The first thing that we can do to implement BES in the A/E/C Industry

is to:

Establish, as a point of departure, the dimensions, influences, and scales of

BES…

So, from various perspectives...

INDIVIDUAL

PROFESSIONAL

ENTERPRISE

INDUSTRY

SOCIETY

...and at various levels of complexity...

MOLECULAR

MATERIAL

PRODUCTS

PROCESSES

SYSTEMS

COMPLEX SYSTEMS

(Inspired by P. Anastas)

…we need to establish that what we need/want to sustain are...

Individuals

Communities

OrganizationsF

ies Body Mind

Heart Soul

People

The Built Environment

ResidentialFacilities

CivilInfrastructure

Systems

Non-ResidentialFacilities

IndustrialFacilities

Products Services

Production Systems

Air Water

Soil Biota(Plant and

AnimalSpecies)

LocalG

The Natural Environment

The Resource Base

ResourceBase

CivilInfrastructure

Systems

Non-ResidentialFacilities

The Built Environment

People

Individuals

Communities

Body Mind

Heart Soul

Products Services

Production Systems

Air Water

Soil Biota(Plant and

AnimalSpecies)

The Natural Environment

The Resource Base

BuiltCapital

(Facilities andInfrastructure)

SocialCapital

(Professional andNon-professional

Workforce)Economic

Capital

IndustrialCapital

(Products, Goods,Services)

NaturalCapital

(Renewable andNon-renewable

Resources)

CivilInfrastructure

SystemsNon-

The BuiltEnvironment

People

The IndustrialBase

The Natural Environment The Resource Base

Individuals

Communities

BodyMindHeartSoul

ProductionSystems forProducts

ProductionSystems for Services

ProductionSystems for

Air WaterSoilBiota

(Plant andAnimalSpecies)

BuiltEnvironment

IndustrialBase

EconomicCapital

SocialCapital

NaturalCapital

Environmental andEcological Systems

Economic and Financial Systems

Social, Cultural, Political, and Regulatory SystemsSocial, Cultural, Political, and Regulatory Systems

Spatial Scale

Dimensions, Influences, and Scales of BES

SITEFOOTPRINT

LOCAL FOOTPRINT

STATE FOOTPRINT

REGIONAL FOOTPRINT

NATIONAL FOOTPRINT

GLOBAL INTERNATIONALFOOTPRINT

The Spatial Scale of BES

CivilInfrastructure

SystemsNon-

People

The IndustrialBase

Individuals

Communities

BodyMindHeartSoul

Air WaterSoilBiota

BuiltEnvironment

IndustrialBase

EconomicCapital

SocialCapital

NaturalCapital

Spatial Scale Temporal Scale

1 YEAR

1 – 5 YEARS

5 – 10 YEARS

10 – 25 YEARS

25 – 50 YEARS +

The Temporal Scale of BES

CivilInfrastructure

SystemsNon-

People

The IndustrialBase

Individuals

Communities

BodyMindHeartSoul

Air WaterSoilBiota

BuiltEnvironment

IndustrialBase

EconomicCapital

SocialCapital

NaturalCapital

Spatial Scale Temporal Scale

However,“There is nothing more tragic than the death of a beautiful theory at the hands of a brutal gang of irrefutable facts.”

… and the irrefutable facts are that the AEC industry…

• … operates with a “Horizontal Tunnel Vision” within “Vertical Stovepipes”…

• … follows a “Cradle to Grave” path of development combined with a “Turf Mentality” at an industry level…

• … is full of “Conventional Enterprises” that operate with “Institutional Amnesia”...

• … lives in the “Jail of the Status Quo”further hampered by the “Shackles of Quality, Cost, and Time” within a “Commodity and Service Trap”…

… and the irrefutable facts are that the AEC industry… (cont.)

• … executes AEC projects as an “Obstacle Course Race” with a “Herd of Cats” who are constantly “Thumb Wrestling” and who suffer from “Spatial and Temporal Myopia”…

• … needs to overcome its “Piece Meal” and “Rice Bowls” mentalities, and to avoid all the “Islands of Execution and Automation”…

TheAerospaceIndustry

TheAutomotiveIndustry

TheAEC

Industry

In fact, compared to other industries…

So, in this brutal context, very few theories have a chance to survive …

So the second thing that we can do to implement BES in the A/E/C Industry

is to:

Apply a roadmap and a set of principles for the implementation of BES that will enable the AEC industry to move from

its current inhibitors to a new set of enablers…

From A/E/C industry fragmentation…T

Planning

Design

Procurement &Construction

Commissioning & Start-up

Operations &Maintenance

End-of-ServiceLife

Facilities (F)

Total L

ife Cycle of th

e Delivery an

seof C

ivil Infrastru

cture S

ystems

Planning

Design

End-of-ServiceLife

CivilInfrastructureSystems (CIS)

Feasibility Studies,Research &

Development

Testing, Validation,Approval &Certification

ManufacturingCommercialization &

TransportationUse

End-of-ServiceLife

Total Life Cycle Delivery and Use ofTechnologies, Systems, Products, Materials, & Equipment for FCIS

Technologies, Systems,Products, Materials, &Equipment for FCIS

PushPush

…to A/E/C industry collaboration

Collaboration

SustainableFacilities (F)

Sustainable CivilInfrastructureSystems (CIS)

SustainableTechnologies, Systems,Products, Materials, &Equipment for FCIS

Planning

Design

End-of-ServiceLife

Total L

ife Cycle of th

e Delivery an

seof C

ivil Infrastru

cture S

ystems

Planning

Design

End-of-ServiceLife

Feasibility Studies,Research &

Development

Testing, Validation,Approval &Certification

ManufacturingCommercialization &

TransportationUse

End-of-ServiceLife

Total Life Cycle Delivery and Use ofTechnologies, Systems, Products, Materials, & Equipment for FCIS

Pull/PushPull/Push

Pull/Push

From a limited and narrow view of A/E/C project scope…

PROJECTORIGINATOR FORA FCIS PROJECT

EnterpriseOrganizational Unit

Functional UnitIndividual

DRIVERS FORA FCIS PROJECT

ProblemNeed

OpportunityDesire

PROJECT DEFINITION AND DELIVERY OF A FCIS PROJECT

Start EndPlanning

Commissioning& Startup

DesignProcurement &Construction

Duration

RESOURCE BASE FORA FCIS

…to an expanded A/E/C project scope

PROJECTORIGINATOR FORA SUSTAINABLEFCIS PROJECT

EnterpriseOrganizational Unit

Functional UnitIndividual

RESOURCE BASE FORA SUSTAINABLE FCIS

OUTCOMES OF A SUSTAINABLE FCIS

Problem SolutionNeed Satisfaction

Opportunity CapitalizationDesire Realization

Post-occupancy Evaluationand Feedback

PROJECT DEFINITION AND DELIVERY OF A SUSTAINABLE FCIS PROJECT

DRIVERS FORA SUSTAINABLEFCIS PROJECT

ProblemNeed

OpportunityDesire

USE OF A SUSTAINABLE FCIS

End-of-ServiceLife

Start EndPlanning

Commissioning& Startup

DesignProcurement &Construction

Duration

AECCAPITALPROJECT

Contextual Envelopeof a Specific

Capital Project

Characteristics and Requirementsof a Specific Capital Project

of a SpecificCapital Project

From the “Jail of the Status Quo”…

AECCAPITALPROJECT

Capital Project

• Research &Development

• Education &Training

• Best Practices• Lessons Learned• Creativity &

Innovation

Enhanced

…to continuous improvement

AECCAPITALPROJECT

Capital Project

• Research &Development

• Education &Training

• Best Practices• Lessons Learned• Creativity &

Innovation

Enhanced

EnhancedCompatibility among

Characteristics,Processes, and

Resources

Processes for itsDelivery and Use

(The “How”)EnhancedStatus Quo

Contextual Envelopeof a Capital Project

Requirements and Characteristicsof a Capital Project

(The “What”)

Resources for itsDelivery and Use(The “With What”)

Status Quo

Enhanced

…to continuous improvement

From a very fragmented life cycle execution of an A/E/C project…

Procurement

Vendors/Suppliers Team

Owner Team(May Include Users/Operators)

Primary Lead

Planning Phase

Design Team(Archs./ Engrs.)

Primary Lead

Design Phase

rt–U

Construction Team(Cms./Gcs./Scs)

Primary Lead

Construction Phase

Operations Team(Users/Operators)

Primary Lead

Operation Phase

…to an integrated project life cycle

rt–U

CommissioningPhase

SustainableProcurement Phase

Vendors/Suppliers Team

External Parties

Owner Team(May Include Users/Operators)

Primary Lead

Active Participation

SustainablePlanning Phase

Design Team(Archs./ Engrs.)

Primary Lead

SustainableDesign Phase

Construction Team(Cms./Gcs./Scs)

Primary Lead

SustainableConstruction Phase

Operations Team(Users/Operators)

Primary Lead

SustainableOperation Phase

Sustainability Sensitive Delivery and Management Systems and Contract Types

EndStart

From a conventional performance paradigm…

SafetyQuality

TimeCost

CapitalProject

Performance

Product PerformanceParameters

Conventional PerformanceParameters

Life Cycle PerformanceParameters

Delivery PerformanceParameters

…to an enhanced performance paradigm

3. Short-Term

Long-T

Formal/Physical

Performance

2. Short-Term and

Long-Term

Functional

Performance

1. Physical andNonphysical Contextual

Compatibility andResponse

12. Sustainability

Performance

CAPITALPROJECT

PERFORMANCE

6. Short-Term and

Long-Term

Performance

5. Sho

rt-Ter

7. Short-Term andLong-TermRiskPerformance

8. Short-Term and

Long-Term

Safety

Performance

9. Procurability,

Constructability,

and Com

missionability

Performance

From “Islands of Project Definition”…

(10)3-D

(11)FINANCIAL/COST

(12)TIME

(13)PRODUCTION

PROCESSMODEL

(8)PROJECT

COMMISSIONINGPLAN(PCP)

(4) PROJECTTEAM

(5) INTEGRATEDDESIGN

PACKAGE(IDP)

Product Definition

(1) PROGRAMDEFINITION

PACKAGE (PDP)

(2) PHYSICAL ANDNON-PHYSICAL

CONTEXTS

(9)PROJECT

PROCUREMENTPLAN

(PProcP)

(6) PRODUCTIONPROCESS

PLAN(PPP)

Process Definition (7) WORK BREAKDOWN

STRUCTURE (WBS)Integrated Product/Process Definition

(3) PROJECTEXECUTIONPLAN (PEP)

…to integrated project definition

(10)3-D

(11)FINANCIAL/COST

(12)TIME

(13)PRODUCTION

PROCESSMODEL

(8) PROJECTCOMMISSIONING

PLAN(PCP)

(14) INTEGRATED PROJECT DEFINITIONMODEL (IPDM)

(4) PROJECTTEAM DEFINITION

Design Team(Arch’s/Engr’s)

(5) INTEGRATEDDESIGN

PACKAGE(IDP)

Product Definition

To Project Procurement, Construction, and Commissioning/Start-up

(1) PROJECTDEFINITION

PACKAGE (PDP)Owner & User/Operations Team

(2) PHYSICAL ANDNON-PHYSICAL

CONTEXTExternal Parties

Project Site

(9) PROJECTPROCUREMENT

PLAN(PProcP)

Vendors/SuppliersTeam

(Supply Chain)

Construction Team(CM’s, GC’s, Subs)

(6) PRODUCTIONPROCESS

PLAN(PPP)

Process Definition (7) WORK BREAKDOWN

STRUCTURE (WBS)Integrated Product/Process Definition

(3) PROJECTEXECUTIONPLAN (PEP)

… and many, many more…

The challenge, though, is that all these enablers require various degrees of

change…

So the third thing that we can do to implement BES in the A/E/C Industry

is to:

Acknowledge, address, and manage change, and then just do it!

Proactive Reactive

ATTITUDE TOWARD CHANGE

(Inspired by A. Pearce)

What will be the trigger of change…?

Triggers are changes in: • Values • Mission • Perceptions

Triggers are changes of: • Functional Requirements • Physical Integrity /Function

Triggers are changes caused by: • Market • Benchmarks • Competition

SPLASH

Triggers are changes in: • Codes • Regulations • Standards

Regardless of the trigger, changes toward sustainability are inevitable, and how organizations respond to these changes will

make them:

end with a Pile of CASH…or end as a Pile of ASH…

Proactive Reactive

ATTITUDE TOWARD CHANGE

FLASH CRASH

SPLASH CLASH

...stated in another way...

“...You really-oughta-

wanna...”

“...You really-shoulda...”

“...You really-gonna-hafta...”

“...You really-gonna-

wanna...”

(Inspired by P. Melhus)

So in closing, let me leave you with the following thought:

What if the A/E/C Industry had…?

A Solid A Solid Conceptual Conceptual

Framework and Framework and Implementation Implementation

Roadmap for Roadmap for BESBES

Reliable Data Reliable Data and Analyses of and Analyses of the Benefits of the Benefits of

BESBES

Reliable Data and Reliable Data and Analyses of the Analyses of the

Economic Impact of Economic Impact of Achieving and Not Achieving and Not

Achieving BESAchieving BES

Industry and Industry and Multi-Multi-stakeholder stakeholder Alignment Alignment and Partnering and Partnering toward BEStoward BES

Public and Private Public and Private Investment in BESInvestment in BES

A Coordinated A Coordinated Public and Private Public and Private Sectors National Sectors National Agenda for BESAgenda for BES

(Inspired by R. Jackson)

... and in addition, we were able to overthrow the

Tyranny of the OR…

and embrace the Genius of the AND…

It would not have to beGREEN OR GREEN ($)...

It could beGREEN AND GREEN ($)...

TheIndustryWastes…

TheIndustryUses…

…and by eliminating the high levels of waste in the industry, we could pay for all

of this and more…

Not really, but it will requiresome level of change in:

In our Paradigms…In our Decisions…In our Choices…In our Actions…

Not really, but it will requiresome level of change in:

In our Paradigms… In our Decisions…In our Choices…In our Actions…

Is all this hard to imagine…?

Impossible to achieve…?

Remember, Sustainability can be implemented:

... one decision, one choice, or one action at a time

... one paradigm at a time

... one product or one process at a time

... phase by phase in a product’s or a project’s life cycle

... one project or one program at a time

... one enterprise at a time

... one industry at a time

... in a gradual shift to a sustainable future……

So are we there yet, and if not, how far along are we?

It depends on who you ask...

A Pessimist sees a glass filled to the middle with beer as half empty...

An Optimist sees the glass as half full...

A Visionary sees the glass as half way until the next one...

An Engineer sees the glass as twice the size it needs to be...

But, in my case I want to believe that there is not only a next one…

But, but many more…

So let me finish by asking you, what if we do not strive to achieve BES?

THANK YOU!

Email Address:

jvanegas@ce.gatech.edu

Just send me an email or give me your business card,if you would like a copy of, or additional information

on, this presentation.

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