A PPLICATION OF I NTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN FACULTY FARM GROUP 18 AG/07/08/81 AG/07/08/86...
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- A PPLICATION OF I NTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN FACULTY FARM
GROUP 18 AG/07/08/81 AG/07/08/86 AG/07/08/91
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- IPM (I NTEGRATED P EST M ANAGEMENT ) Utilization of all
suitable pest management strategies in a compatible manner to have
an effective pest control. These solutions incorporate three basic
steps: 1) inspection 2) identification 3) treatment
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- IPM PRACTICE HELP FARMERS Conserve our environment Produce
quality crops Maintain farm profitability
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- IPM S TEPS Inspection. Identify Pests and Conducive Conditions.
Prevention. Customer Consultation. Sanitation, Exclusion and, if
necessary, Pesticide Application. Evaluation. Monitoring.
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- S OME OF THE BENEFITS OF AN INTEGRATED APPROACH Promotes sound
structures and healthy plants Promotes the sustainable bio based
pest management alternatives. encouraging the IPM Steps adoption of
more ecologically benign control tactics Reduces the potential for
air and ground water contamination Protects the non-target species
through reduced impact of pest management activities. Reduces the
need for pesticides by using several pest management methods
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- C ONT .. Reduces or eliminates issues related to pesticide
residue Reduces or eliminates re-entry interval restrictions
Decreases workers, tenants and public exposure to pesticides
Alleviates concern of the public about pest & pesticide related
practices. Maintains or increases the cost-effectiveness of pest
management programs
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- P RINCIPLES Acceptable pest levels: The emphasis is on control,
not eradication. IPM holds that wiping out an entire pest
population is often impossible, and the attempt can be more costly,
environmentally unsafe, and frequently unachievable. Preventive
cultural practices: Selecting varieties best for local growing
conditions, and maintaining healthy crops, is the first line of
defense, together with plant quarantine and 'cultural techniques'
such as crop sanitation ( e.g. removal of diseased plants to
prevent spread of infection).quarantinediseased plants
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- Monitoring: Regular observation is the cornerstone of IPM.
Observation is broken into two steps, first; inspection second;
identification o Mechanical controls: Should a pest reach an
unacceptable level, mechanical methods are the first options to
consider. They include simple hand-picking, erecting insect
barriers, using traps, vacuuming, and tillage to disrupt
breeding.tillage
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- C ONT . Biological controlsBiological controls: Natural
biological processes and materials can provide control, with
minimal environmental impact, and often at low cost. The main focus
here is on promoting beneficial insects that eat target
pests.beneficial insects Biological insecticides, derived from
naturally occurring microorganisms Biological
insecticidesmicroorganisms ( e.g. : Bt, entomopathogenic fungi and
entomopathogenic nematodes) Btentomopathogenic fungi
entomopathogenic nematodes
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- C ONT Responsible Pesticide UseResponsible Pesticide Use:
Synthetic pesticides are generally only used as required and often
only at specific times in a pests life cyclepesticides Many of the
newer pesticide groups are derived from plants or naturally
occurring substances ( e.g. : nicotine, pyrethrum and insect
juvenile hormone analogues)nicotine pyrethrumjuvenile hormone
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- C ULTURAL M ETHODS Crop rotation Growing a single crop year
after year in the same field Intercropping Growing two or more
crops in same field for a period of time. Managed application
Manage irrigation and fertilizer application
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- C ONT . Sanitation Remove crop debris from field Use trap crops
That attract pests away from the real crops o Host
eradication/alternative host(weeds) o Use of antagonistic plants
ex:Marigold
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- B IOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS controlling pestscontrolling pests
(including insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases) that relies on
predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural
mechanisms.insectsmitesweeds plant diseasespredationparasitism
herbivory Environmental friendly and continue BUT more time consume
than chemical method.
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- P REDATORS LadybugsLadybugs, predators of aphids such as
greenfly and blackfly, and will also consume mites, scale insects
and small caterpillarsaphidsgreenflyblackflymitesscale
insectscaterpillars garden predators include lacewings, pirate
bugs, rove and ground beetles, aphid midge, centipedes, spiders,
predatory mites, as well as larger fauna such as frogs, toads,
lizards, hedgehogs, slow-worms and birdslacewingspirate bugsaphid
midge centipedesspiderspredatory mitesfrogstoadslizards
hedgehogsslow-worms
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- M ORE EXAMPLES : Phytoseiulus persimilis Phytoseiulus
persimilis (against spider mites) Amblyseius californicus
Amblyseius californicus (against spider mites) Amblyseius cucumeris
Amblyseius cucumeris (against spider mites) [4] [4] Typhlodromips
swirskii Typhlodromips swirskii (against spider mites, thrips, and
white flies) thrips Feltiella acarisuga Feltiella acarisuga
(against spider mites) Stethorus punctillum Stethorus punctillum
(against spider mites) Macrolophus caluginosus Macrolophus
caluginosus (against spider mites)
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- P ARASITOID INSECTS Most insect parasitoids are wasps or flies
Examples of parasitoids: Encarsia formosa Encarsia formosa (against
white flies) Eretmocerus Eretmocerus spp. (against white flies)
Aphidius colemani Aphidius colemani (against aphids)
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- C ONT . Biological pesticidesBiological pesticides based on
entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses cause disease in the
pest species can also be usedentomopathogenic fungibacteriaviruses
Interfering with insects' reproduction can be accomplished by
sterilizing males of the target species and releasing
themsterilizing males
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- B IOLOGICAL PESTICIDES Bacteria and biological control control
infect insects via their digestive tracts, s acillus thuringiensis
most widely applied to control Lepidopteran (moth, butterfly),
Coleopteran (beetle) and Dipteran (true flies) insect pests.
acillus thuringiensisLepidopteranmothbutterfly ColeopteranDipteran
Fungi and biological control Species in the genus Trichoderma are
used to manage some soilborne plant pathogens. Trichoderma
Beauveria bassiana is used to manage different types of pest such
whiteflies, thrips, aphids and weevils. Beauveria bassiana
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- E XAMPLES OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI : ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI
Beauveria bassiana Beauveria bassiana (against white flies, thrips,
aphids and weevils)thrips Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Paecilomyces
fumosoroseus (against white flies, thrips and aphids) thrips
Metarhizium Metarhizium spp. (against beetles, locusts, Hemiptera,
spider mites and other pests) Hemiptera Lecanicillium lecanii
Lecanicillium lecanii (against white flies, thrips and aphids)
Cordyceps Cordyceps species (sometines teleomorphs of the above:
that infect a wide spectrum ofteleomorphs
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- P HYSICAL AND M ECHANICAL C ONTROL Hand-picking Tillage
Sterilization Use light traps Used pheromone traps (ex: fruit fly,
cucurbits' fly)
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- C HEMICAL METHOD use of chemical pesticides.( synthetic /
natural)
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- E FFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT Pesticides are one of the causes of
water pollution,water pollution some pesticides are persistent
organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination.persistent
organic pollutantssoil contamination pesticide use reduces
biodiversity, reduces nitrogen fixation, [ contributes to
pollinator destroys habitat (especially for birds), and threatens
endangered species.biodiversity nitrogen fixation
[pollinatorendangered species Pests can develop a resistance to the
pesticide (pesticide resistance)pesticide resistance
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- E FFECTS ON HEALTH These effects can range from simple
irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects nervous
system mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems causing
cancer
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- C ONT birth defects fetal death Neurodevelopmental disorder But
most popular method due to easy handling and quick visual results
SO it is advice to minimum use of pesticides in IPM.
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- A PPLICABLE FOR F ACULTY FARM Due to small area all the methods
should be economical and effective. Already some methods are
practiced such as, Cultural methods Crop rotation Weed control
Field sanitation Management practices (water,fertilizer)
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- C ONT . Biological methods In field already some predators and
natural enemies.we are not use much pesticides and allow them to
grow. o Physical methods Tillage Hand picking Pheromone traps
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- C ONT . Chemical methods Use pesticides (ex: for Aulacapora
spp.) Even those methods are practice pest control in field not
good
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- S UGGESTIONS Practice mix and inter cropping systems Use of
antagonistic plants like marigold at the edges in field. Sterilize
the nursery beds before use. Introduce more natural enemies to
field Use of light traps
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