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Aphonologicallyweakcontrastcaninducephone5coverlap
MargaretE.L.Renwick1,IoanaVasilescu2,CamilleDutrey2,LoriLamel2,BiancaVieru2,3
1TheUniversityofGeorgia,USA,mrenwick@uga.edu2LIMSI/CNRS,France3VocapiaResearch,France
TheRomanianvowelsystemisuniqueamongtheRomancelanguages,inpar5cularforitsphonemiccentralvowelsandrarediphthongs(Chitoran2002)
MarginalcontrastinRomanian(Renwick2014)² Central/ɨ,ʌ/arehistoricalallophonesinnear-complementarydistribu5on² /ɨ/:Typically(90%)foundinpre-nasal,stressedcontexts;neverpost-tonic
[ˈkɨmp] ‘field’ [ˈlɨna] ‘wool (def.)’ [ˈvɨna] ‘vein (def.)’² /ʌ/:Usuallyunstressed,word-final(46%);hasalargemorphologicalrole
[ˈkasʌ] ‘house’ [ˈsutʌ] ‘hundred’ [pʌˈtuts] ‘bed (dim.)’ ² Fewminimalpairsexist
[rɨw] ‘river’ [rʌw] ‘bad’ [vɨr] ‘I thrust’ [vʌr] ‘cousin’ [tsɨrj] ‘sea mackerels’ [tsʌrj] ‘lands (n.)’
² Both/ɨ,ʌ/havelowtypefrequency,sugges5nglowfunc5onalload² Itwashypothesizedthatthephonologicallyweakcontrastbetween/ɨ,ʌ/
wassubjecttophone5cmerger;however,studiesofproduc5onandpercep5oninlaboratoryspeechfoundli`leevidenceforthis.
ReferencesChitoran,I.(2002).ThePhonologyofRomanian:AConstraint-BasedApproach.Berlin;NewYork:MoutondeGruyter.Fougeron,C.,&Audibert,N.(2011).Tes5ngvariousmetricsforthedescrip5onofvoweldistor5onindysarthria.InProceedingsofthe17th
Interna>onalCongressofPhone>cSciences(pp.1–4).HongKong.Gendrot,C.,&Adda-Decker,M.(2005).ImpactofDura5ononF1/F2formantvaluesoforalvowels:anautoma5canalysisoflargebroadcastnews
corporainFrenchandGerman.InProceedingsofEurospeech(pp.2453–2456).Lisbon.Hall,K.C.(2013).Atypologyofintermediatephonologicalrela5onships.TheLinguis>cReview,30(2),215–275.Hall,K.C.,Allen,B.,Fry,M.,Mackie,S.,&McAuliffe,M.(2015).PhonologicalCorpusTools,Version1.1.0.[Computerprogram].
Retrievedfromh`ps://github.com/PhonologicalCorpusTools/CorpusTools/releasesHocke`,C.F.(1966).Thequan>fica>onoffunc>onalload:Alinguis>cproblem(MemorandumNo.RM-5168-PR).Lobanov,B.M.(1971).Classifica5onofRussianvowelsspokenbydifferentspeakers.TheJournaloftheAcous>calSocietyofAmerica,49(2B),606–
608.
Mahalanobis,P.C.(1936).Onthegeneralizeddistanceinsta5s5cs.ProceedingsoftheNa>onalIns>tuteofSciences(CalcuNa),2,49–55.Nadeu,M.,&Renwick,M.E.L.(2016).Varia5oninthelexicaldistribu5onandimplementa5onofphone5callysimilarphonemesinCatalan.Journal
ofPhone>cs,58,22–47.h`p://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2016.05.003Renwick,M.E.L.(2014).ThePhone>csandPhonologyofContrast:TheCaseoftheRomanianVowelSystem.Berlin,Boston:DeGruyterMouton.Vasilescu,I.,Vieru,B.,&Lamel,L.(2014).ExploringPronuncia5onVariantsforRomanianSpeech-to-TextTranscrip5ons.InProceedingsofSLTU.St.
Petersburg,Russia.Wedel,A.,Jackson,S.,&Kaplan,A.(2013).Func5onalloadandthelexicon:Evidencethatsyntac5ccategoryandfrequencyrela5onshipsin
minimallemmapairspredictthelossofphonemecontrastsinlanguagechange.LanguageandSpeech,56(3),395–417.
ResearchQues6on:Howisthephonologicallyweakcontrastbetween/ɨ,ʌ/realizedincon5nuousspeech?
DataandMethodsAcous>csof7monophthongscomparedacrosslaboratoryvs.broadcastspeech.Laboratoryspeech(Renwick2014)² Stressedandunstressedvowels;targetwordsinaframesentencewith3repe55ons² 18na5vespeakers(3male)² Formantvalues(F1,F2)extractedatmidpoint;hand-checked² 5,261tokens(2,396centralvowels)
Broadcastspeech(Vasilescu,Vieru&Lamel2014)² Mixtureofpreparedspeechfromnewsshows,andsemi-spontaneousdebatesfrom
TVchannelAntena,inthestandardSoutherndialect² 7hours,86speakers(male♀adult)² Segmentboundariesautoma5callyaligned² Formantvaluesextractedatmidpoint(Gendrot&Adda-Decker2005)² Acous5cfilteringofdata
² Tokenswithvoicingin<40%ofvowelwereexcluded² Eachtoken’sMahalanobisdistance(Mahalanobis1936)wascalculatedrela5ve
toaspeaker-andvowel-specificcentroid;tokenswithhighdistance(basedonaχ2distribu5on)wereexcludedasoutliers
² Voweltokensanalyzed:104,456(11,006centralvowels)² Vowels’func5onalloadcalculatedfrom9,032uniquewords(Halletal.2015)
Normaliza5onandanalysis² Formantvaluesnormalizedbyspeaker(Lobanov1971)² Acous5coverlapinstandarddevia5onsofF1calculatedamongadjacentvowelpairs
(Fougeron&Audibert2011)
Results:vowelfrequencyandfunc6onalloadinbroadcastspeech² [ɨ,ʌ]appearinmanyfunc5onwords,butarerare,withcomplementarydistribu5ons
Discussion² Thecontrastbetween[ɨ,ʌ]isseverelydiminishedincon5nuousspeech
² [ɨ]islower(higherF1)inbroadcastthaninlaboratoryspeech² Greatercentralvoweloverlapoccursinbroadcastspeech² Centraliza5onisnotabyproductofreduc5on(viashortening)
² Func5onalloadofthe/ɨ,ʌ/contrastislowestofallvowelpairs
² Speakers’cogni5verepresenta5onsof/ɨ,ʌ/maynotbeseparablefromcontext² Mergerisstrongestpre-nasally,where/ɨ/isstronglycondi5oned² Underlyingvowelqualityhighlycondi5onedbymorphologyandphonology² Futureperceptualstudieswillindicatelistenersensi5vitytovowelquality,
independentofphonologicalcontext
Context [ɨ] [ʌ] CVC 30.5%[romɨˈnia] ‘Romania’ 26.6%[ˈastʌzj] ‘today’ #VC 67.2%[ɨn] ‘in’ 0.4%[ˈʌsta] ‘this one’ CV# 0.0%Ø 65.8%[sʌ] ‘that (conj.)’ Other 2.3%[ˈmɨ̯ine] ‘tomorrow’ 7.2%[sʌw] ‘his’ Total 100% 100%
Phonologicalcontras6venessanditsconsequences² Soundsseparatedbyevenoneminimalpairareconsideredcontras5vephonemes.
Butwhatiftheirdistribu5onismostlypredictable,andnearlycomplementary?Dospeakersandlistenerstreatweak,marginalcontrastsdifferentlyfromothers?
² Characteris5csofmarginalcontrastNearorpar5alpredictability,phone5cvariability,frequencyimbalance,scarcityofminimalpairs,phone5coverlap(Hall2013,Nadeu&Renwick2016)
² Func5onalloadHowmuchneutraliza5onwouldresultfromthelossofacontrast?(Hocke`1966)Moreminimalpairs=higherfunc5onalload
² Languagechangeover5meContrastswithlowfunc5onalloadaremorelikelytomerge(Wedeletal.2013)
/i/ /ɨ/ /u/
/e/ /ʌ/ /o/
/e̯a/ /a/ /o̯a/
Func6onalload,calculatedviatypefrequency,usingchangeinentropyalgorithm
[e] [i] [o] [u] [ɨ] [ʌ][a] 0.0428 0.0143 0.0071 0.0135 0.0025 0.0456
[e] 0.0257 0.0032 0.0107 0.0011 0.0545
[i] 0.0018 0.0061 0.0007 0.0078
[o] 0.0025 0.0011 0.0018
[u] 0.0032 0.0036
[ɨ] 0.0004
22.6%
28%
18.2%
3.3%
9.8%10.9%
7.2%
23.2%
28.7%
16.8%
3.3%
9.9%10.8%
7.2%
All data (N = 125,501)
Filtered data (N = 104,456)
0
10000
20000
30000
0
10000
20000
30000
a e i � o u �
a e i � o u �Vowel
Toke
n co
unt
Vowel frequency
Results:acous6csoflabspeechvs.broadcastspeech
Lab Broadcast
-100
0
ea ie �� oa uo �a ea ie �� oa uo �aAdjacent vowel pair
Mea
n F1
ove
rlap
(Hz)
paireaie��oauo�a
Lab Broadcast
-1
0
1
-1012 -1012Z-scored F2
Z-sc
ored
F1 vowel
aei�ou�
Female speakersLab Broadcast
-1
0
1
-101 -101Z-scored F2
Z-sc
ored
F1 vowel
aei�ou�
Male speakers
Lab Broadcast
-100
0
ea ie �� oa uo �a ea ie �� oa uo �aAdjacent vowel pair
Mea
n F1
ove
rlap
(Hz)
paireaie��oauo�a
Inbroadcastspeech,[ɨ]isheavilycentralized
Thecentralvowels(and[u,o])overlapintheF1dimension,inbroadcastspeech
Does[ɨ]centralizeonlyinshorttokens?No.Correla5onofZ(F1)withdura5onisnotsignificant(p>0.05).
Fricative Liquid Nasal Stop-2
-1
0
1
2
-101 -101 -101 -101Z-scored F2
Z-sc
ored
F1
vowel � �
Following manner in broadcast speech
Fricative Liquid Nasal Stop-2
-1
0
1
-2-1012 -2-1012 -2-1012 -2-1012Z-scored F2
Z-sc
ored
F1
vowel � �
Following manner in broadcast speech
Inbroadcastspeech,[ɨ]centralizesmostinpre-nasalcontexts
Lab Broadcast-2
-1
0
1
2
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4Vowel Duration (sec)
Vow
el F
1 (Z
-sco
red)
vowel��
Lab Broadcast-2
-1
0
1
20.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Vowel Duration (sec)
Vow
el F
1 (Z
-sco
red)
vowel��
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