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A patient presents with severe digestive abnormalities. Upon initial examination, CBC ruled out infection and X-rays revealed no bowel obstructions. Doctors begin to suspect problems within the enzymes, mainly from the liver. How do you proceed to diagnose?
Biopsy
Terminology
• Tissues – group of cells that carry out specialized activities– Histo = Tissue
-ology = study of
• Pathologists – Study of cells and tissue; diseased– Patho = disease
Four Main Types
• Epithelial – Body surfaces, hollow
organs, glands
• Connective– Binds organs together,
energy reserves for fat
• Muscle – Movement and force
application
• Nervous– Stimulates action
potential to activate body functions
Ectoderm – Nervous system and the epidermis of skin
Mesoderm – Connective tissue, blood, muscles
Endoderm – GI tract, Bladder, and Respiratory tract
1. Covering and Lining 2. Glandular
Epithelium
Functions:
Protection, Filtration, Secretion, Absorption, and Excretion
Divisions:
Exposed to body cavity
Attachment between Epithelial and Connective Tissue
Avascular – NO blood vessels
Cell Junctions – Point of contact between adjacent membranes of various cell types
1. Tight Junctions – Fluid tight seal between cells to prevent leaking of substances into blood or surrounding tissues; stomach lining & urinary bladder, and intestines
2. Anchoring Junction (Desmosomes) – Fasten cells to on another, common in stretched areas such as heart, uterus, and outer skin
3. Gap Junction – Allow passage of chemical/electrical signals through connexons (protein tunnels) from cell to cell; i.e. muscular contraction, pain
Simple Squamous• Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and
secretion in serous membranes • Location: Kidneys Glomeruli (water, glucose,
and wastes), Air Sac of Lungs (Gas Exchange), Heart and Blood Vessels (Nutrients & Medicine)
Simple Cuboidal• Function: Secretion and Absorption
• Location: Kidney Tubules (Wastes), Ovary Surface (Ova)
Ciliated Simple Columnar• Function: Moves fluids and particles along
passageways• Location: Found in respiratory tract (mucosal
Movement), fallopian tubes (Ova movement), sinuses (Pathogen removal Runny Nose)
Cilia
Non-Ciliated Columnar• Function: Microvilli secretion and Absorption
• Location: GI tract lining (Absorption of nutrients and water) & Gallbladder (Secretion of Bile)
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
• Functions: Mucus movement by cilia action• Location: Found in upper respiratory tract and
urethra, and gonads of males (Sperm maturation)
Stratified Squamous• Functions: Protection of superficial layers of skin;
vagina, mouth, esophagus, tongue• Location:
– Keratinized = Superficial Layers of Skin– Non-Keratinized = Wet Surfaces (Mouth, Vagina,
Tongue)
Stratified Cuboidal• Functions: Protection and limited secretion of sweat glands
• Location: Sudoriferous Glands (SWEAT)
Transitional Epithelium• Function: Accommodate Distension in the urinary
tract and vaginal walls as fluid pressures vary.– Stretched = Squamous Relaxed = Cuboidal
• Location: Lining of the ureters, urethra, and bladder
Glandular Epithelium: Endocrine
• Function: Produce hormones • Location: Thyroid, Pituitary Gland, Ovaries,Testicles
Secretion of exocrine glands – Merocrine (or eccrine) secretion
• Forms the product and discharge from the cell entirely– Salivary Glands
– Apocrine secretion• Product forms at apical surface and pinches off from rest of cell
– Mammary gland – Holocrine secretion
• Accumulates secretory product in cytosol, cell dies and is discharge with its product– Sebaceous Gland (Acne)
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