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A Global Perspective
to Air Quality
Markku Kulmala
University of Helsinki
Department of Physics
1
Global warming
Biodiversity loss
Air quality
Fresh water
Epidemic diseases
Deforestification
Climatechange
Food supplies
Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Energy
Chemicalisation
Ocean acidification
Global Challenges
Demography2
ATM Center: Major Initiatives
• Contributes to Arctic/Boreal, Bioeconomy, Cleantech, Digitalization
• Global SMEAR Network -> COP 21
• Beautiful China: Solving Air Quality in China
• PEEX (Pan Eurasian Experiment)
• 4 Pilars– Research
– Infra
– Innovations
– Capacity Building / Knowledge Transfer 3
On Air Quality
• Health effects, visibility, acidification– Air pollution: ca 2 500 000 in China / 1500 in Finland people die
per year
• Air pollutant concentrations– China/Finland ~ 10 – 1000
• From outdoors to indoors– Indoor air quality
– We spend over 90% of our time indoors
• Multiple pollutants: PM2.5, PN, Black Carbon, O3, NOX, SO2, CO, VOCs– Interactions, feedbacks, complex system
• From understanding to solutions– Monitoring, understanding, protecting/controlling, solutions,
improving air quality
Comprehensive solutions for cleaner air
Solving air pollution problem in Megacities
Roadmap
From deep understanding to practical solutions
A. Continuous comprehensive observations• Flag ship stations, smog chambers,
satellites
• Meteorological situations / urban boundary layer
• Outdoor / indoor concentrations
B. Analysis• Emission source analysis
• Integration of all scale experimental and modelling results
C. Sustainable solutions / decisions• Economically effective structural
changes
No actionsFast and hasty
actions
Comprehensive
Holistic solutions
Continuous, comprehensive
observations
Urban
Lakes
Peatlands
Site for ICOS, ACTRIS,
INGOS, EXPEER, ANAEE,
LifeWatch, …Also WMO, EMEP,
CARBOEUROPE, NITROEUROPE,
EUCAARI, PEGASOS, …
Nanjing/ PILOT SMEAR IN CHINA: O3 and PM2.5
2015/8/19 SORPES - Station for Observing Regional Processes of the Earth System 8
CO vs. NOyPM2.5 vs. O3
NOx control will increase O3
Secondary aerosols
Air Pollution - weather/climate interactions
2015/8/19 SORPES - Station for Observing Regional Processes of the Earth System 9
June 10, 2012
PM2.5 :270 ug/m3
Observed vs. predicated air temperature Observed vs. predicted rainfall
Suggestion: Joint Research and Innovation Center for Air Quality
• Research
– From emissions to health via
atmospheric processes
• Research Infrastructure
– Lab, field, instruments, models
– Test beds
• Education / Knowledge Transfer
– Supra-disciplinary
– All directions
• Innovations
– Business – research connections
Applied Research
Innovations
SocietyPolicy
Basic Research
PEEX (Pan Eurasian Experiment)
2013 - 2033 (-2100)
www.atm.helsinki/peex
PEEX region
Station network, Marine, Airborne, remote sensing, multiscale modelling, Supradisciplinary
Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX)
• a bottom up initiative by several European, Russian and Chinese research organizations and institutes
• involving research communities from 20 different countries • 80 institutes
• started in 2012, set for years 2013-2033 (-2100) as a long-term continuing activity
VERY IMPORTANT AREA Crucial for global climate
Arctic, boreal
Albedo change
Carbon sink or source
Methane
Aerosol production
via BVOCs
Air quality
Energy production, minerals
Permafrost
Arctic Ocean
Socioetal issues
Technology
3.GLOBALIZATION
4. NATURAL
RESOURCES
1.DEMOGRAPHY
2.CLIMATE
CHANGE
NORTHERN PAN-EURASIAN REGION
BASELINE“THE NORTHERN REGIONS (> 45◦◦◦◦N) WILL UNDERGO SUBSTANTIAL
CHANGES DURING THE NEXT 40 YEARS ” ref. L. Smith 2010
PEEX STRUCTURE
AIMS OF PEEX FOCUS AREAS (F1-F2-F3-F4)
I. scientific understanding of land-atmosphere-ocean-urban processes &
feedbacks -> holistic research approach (RESEARCH -F1)
II. coherent, coordinated in-situ ground based observations systems & the remote
sensing applications (INFRASTRUCTURE -F2)
III. Building the foundation for reliable and sustainable risk management, adaptation
and mitigation planning and early warning systems( SOCIETY PEEX-F3)
IV. education of the next generation of scientists, engineers and technical staff
(KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER -F4)
I. scientific understanding of land-atmosphere-ocean-urban processes &
feedbacks -> holistic research approach (RESEARCH -F1)
II. coherent, coordinated in-situ ground based observations systems & the remote
sensing applications (INFRASTRUCTURE -F2)
III. Building the foundation for reliable and sustainable risk management, adaptation
and mitigation planning and early warning systems( SOCIETY PEEX-F3)
IV. education of the next generation of scientists, engineers and technical staff
(KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER -F4)
PEEX is networking globally
PEEX
FUTURE EARTH
IGPB
iLEAPS
ARCTIC
COUNCIL
IIASA
IEASGEOSS
SAON
WMO
SILK
ROAD
PEEX implements the strategic tasks of the Sustainable
Earth System Manifesto in the Northern Eurasian region
Manifesto
- Global agenda
PEEX
- Northern agenda
1. To deliver observations of the critical
environment parameters worldwide
1. Conceptual design of the land-
atmosphere observation network for the
Northern regions, especially for Russia,
as a part of the global SMEAR station
(COP21) in process.
2. To evoke a political consensus to
overcome various geopolitical interests & to
prioritize sustainable living conditions in
different parts of the world
2. Accepted as an arctic - boreal hub in a
frame of coordination of the Earth
System research & observation activities
(Future Earth, GEOSS).
3. To provide sustainable technological
solutions for Grand Challenges, by which we
are able to moderate environmental changes
3. Example: Conceptual design for solving
air pollution challenge in China including
solutions for the measurement technique
(Beautiful China / Beijing) in process.
Lakes Peatlands
SMEAR contributes to ICOS, ACTRIS, INGOS, EXPEER, ANAEE, LifeWatch, …
Also WMO, EMEP, CARBOEUROPE, NITROEUROPE, EUCAARI, PEGASOS, …
CONTINUOUS, COMPREHENSIVE OBSERVATIONS
10/08/15 18
Global SMEAR – the integrated approach
Currently
Observations
(see IPCC 2013)
are fragmented
into:
1) Greenhouse
gases
2) Aerosols
3) Air quality
4) Ecosystems
5) …
We need an
integrated
approach!
Global SMEAR - 2020
Elements of the integrated network to address interlinked Grand Challenges:
• In-situ observations – Comprehensive, Continuous, 24/7
– Adaptive and developing
– Harmonized network of stations
– Hierarchical station network (flagship, intermediate, standard)
– Network-wide inversion and assimilation
• Remote Sensing - satellites and ground-based
• Multiscale-modelling
• science-driven integration with understanding of feedbacks and interactions
Network will provide :– Comprehensive open big data
– Innovation (markets, products) and growth opportunities
– Policy-relevant understanding of the Earth system as a whole to supervise/verify COP21 implementation and to enable evidence based policy making
10/08/15 20
Global SMEAR - network of research Infrastructures
“filling the in-situ observational gaps in the world with a station
network to provide comprehensive policy relevant data”
WMO GAW Aerosol Network
http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/aerosol.html
PEEX preliminary station networkwww.atm.helsinki.fi/peex
10/08/15 21
Global SMEAR - investments
• Investments 4 000 MEUR
• Global contributions
– EU ≈ 1 000 MEUR
– China ≈ 1 000 MEUR
– Russia ≈ 1 000 MEUR
– US/Canada ≈ 1 000 MEUR
• Annual costs around 10% of investments
10/08/15 22
Global SMEAR roadmap and timing
Year 1 Year2 Year 3 Year 4 Year n
Mapping existing
infras and activities
Planning and construction
Operational phase and further developments
Data banks, data flows
Political use
Scientific results
Summary
• IPCC / Changing Climate
• SMEAR (1991 -)
• PEEX (Pan Eurasian Experiment)– Stations over Russia + Artic/Boreal + China
• Beautiful Beijing / China– Solving air quality in China
– Sino-Finnish Research and Innovation Center• Comprehensive observation station network
• Supradisciplinary research
• Innovations
• Capacity building, Knowledge transfer
• Global SMEAR -> COP21, …
• Air Quality – Climate Interactions10/08/15 24
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