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Judaism
• Monotheism• Henotheism?• Roman Persecution• Messianism• Conversion• The Septuagant
2nd century CE glass goblet
Origins of Christianity – Messianism and Mystery Cults
• Jesus of Nazareth(7-2 BCE – 30-36CE)
• Reformist Jewish Rabbi• Crucifixion• Jesus Movement• Messiah• Trinity
Origins of Christianity - Conversion
• Apostles – Apostolic Age (ca. 33-100CE)
• Saul (Paul) of Tarsus (5-67CE)• Reformist Jews vs.
Conversion of Gentiles
Origins of Christianity – Differentiation from Judaism
• Jewish-Roman Wars (66-73, 115-117, and 132-135)
• 70CE – Destruction of the Temple
• Bar Kokhba Revolt• Still problems with Roman
authorities…
Early Christianity (before 325CE)
Spread of Christianity: dark blue = before 325light blue = 325-600
• No centralized leadership
• Multiple sects• 5 Patriarchs
RomeConstantinopleAntiochJerusalemAlexandria
Tetrarchy and Civil War
• 293 – Emperor Diocletian divides the empire.• Two emperors and two junior emperors• Augustus and Caesar• 306-324 – Civil War over complex succession
Imperial Christianity
• Constantine the Great (r. 306-337)
• 312 – Battle of Milvian Bridge• “In this sign, you shall conquer.”• 313 – Edict of Milan ends persecution of Christians• 324 – Constantine converts, moves capital to Constantinople
Defining Christianity
• 325 – First Council of Nicea• Nicean Creed• Christology• Arius (256-336) and the Arian Controversy• 380 – Edict of ThessalonicaNicean Christianity becomes state religion of Roman Empire• 451 – Council of Chalcedon• Monophysitism vs. dyophysitism
2 Empires – 2 Churches
• 381 – First Council of Constantinople – Elevates Patriarch of Constantinople • Sees of Rome and Constantinople• 395 – Western and Eastern (Byzantine) Roman Empires• Byzantine Emperor and Patriarch of Constantinople
Western Church
• 476 – Fall of Western Empire• Bishop of Rome (Pope) last potential unifying
force• Donation of Constantine• Dec. 25, 800 – Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne Emperor
The Reality• Church relied on secular lords for land, financial support, and security.• Secular lords relied on church for political support.• In Germany, emperor appointed church officials.• “Most knights scrupulously observed the rites of religion. They were, however, little troubled by Christian ethics.”
Monasticism
• Spiritual athletes• Religious professionals removed from the world• The Benedictine Rule:
– Govern the behavior of monks living in monasteries.– Balance of work and devotion.– Obligations of celibacy, poverty, and obedience to the abbot.– Regular clergy: living apart from society. Benedict of Nursira (ca. 480-547)
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