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Kalyan Teja Nimushakavi
FDI
FII
ADR/GDR
Foreign Currency Loans
ECB
FCCB
• History – 1927
• What are DRs ?
• Why DR s?
• Mechanisms
• DR s are US Negotiable Securities issued by a depositary bank that represent the ownership of certain underlying shares of a non US Company.
• DR Programs allow the non US companies to get their shares listed and traded in the US market. Some structures allow them to raise capital even.
• For Company
Overseas capital markets’ access
Enhances visibility
Increased liquidity
Fair Valuation
Mergers & Acquisitions
Privatization
• For Investors
To Diversify their portfolio
Transactions in local currency
Information easily available
• DRs are frequently identified by the markets in
which they are available or the rules and regulations
associated with the structure.
• ADRs – Traded in US markets
• GDR s – Typically traded in one or more markets
• EDR s – Traded in Euro markets
OTC Market
Exchange Listed
Capital Raising
Privately Placed
OTC Market
1. Purchase request
2. Contact to purchase
3. Shares Purchase
4. Depositing Shares
5. Confirmation
6. Issue of DR s
7. Transfer of DR s
Foreign Investors
Foreign Stock Exchange
Issuer Company
DTC/EuroClear/ Clear sream
Local Custodian
Depositary Bank
DividendsMoney
Underlying SharesAgreement
Listing Requirements
Money DR sDividends
Sale of DRs:
Intra market trading
Cancellation (Cross border trading)
1. Cancellation Request
2. Surrender DR s
3. Confirmation
4. Release of Shares into home market
• Due to the mechanisms involved , DR s are prone to following
risks
Inflation Risks of the respective countries
Exchange Rate risks
Political risks
Finally Performance of the company
ADR
• Higher Valuation
• Higher participation
• Wide research Coverage
• More processing time i.e. 5-6
months
• Stringent regulatory requirements
• US GAAP
• Higher Costs associated
GDR
• Lower Valuation
• Lower participation
• Limited research coverage
• Less processing time
• Relaxed requirements
• IAS
• Relatively Lower costs
• Foreign currency loans are given by the domestic banks to
Corporates.
• These loans are given from the deposits of the Foreign
currency accounts Non Resident Indians.
• However Credit rating of the company plays an important role
• Terms differ for different banks in terms of requirements
• These funds are primarily available to
Export Oriented Units (Project Financing)
Importing companies (Payments)
Pubic Sector Units (For purchase of capital goods)
• Relatively Cheaper Funds
• Lesser Processing time
• Funds can be used for following:
Working Capital Management (3-18 Months)
Project Financing
New Capacity augmentation – Capital goods
Importers for meeting import obligations
• End Use Restrictions:
Investment in Capital Markets
Investment in Real Estate Sector
• Indian companies/entities other than individuals, trusts and
non‐profit making organisations can raise money from abroad
• These include buyer’s credit, bank loans, securities issued,
credits from official export credit agencies
• These funds are made available by foreign banks, financial
institutions abroad like IMF, World Bank, UBS, ADB etc.
• The regulations are subject to change from time to time
• There is a cap on the total amount that can be taken in a year
through the route of ECB s
• Generally three years of good financial performance and
prudent debt management are prerequisites for ECB
• ECB s - approved by RBI.
• Usage Specifications:
Raised only for Investment (Capital Goods, Capacity augmentation)
Permitted for Overseas Acquisitions (JVs or Subsidiaries)
Permitted for acquisition of shares in PSUs (Disinvestment)
• Restrictions:
Investment in Capital Markets
Investment in Real Estate Sector
On Lending of funds
Domestic Companies Takeover
• Quasi Debt instrument with an option of conversion
• All the transactions happen in currency other than the local
currency Receipts from issue of FCCB Coupon Payments Redemption
• Advantages of both debt and equity instrument
• Companies issuing FCCB s need to hedge (Till maturity
period)
• FCCBs are generally of two types
• Due to the option of conversion,
Associated with low Coupon rates (30-40 % lesser)
Associated with Premium offerings (30-70 % higher)
• Availability of Zero Coupon Bonds
• Redemption based on future expected cash flows
• Intention of conversion both from lender and issuer
• Approvals
• Processing time
• Ease of availability
• Purpose of borrowing
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