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7/30/2019 7856 BIS 07 Business Process Mapping ActivityModeling
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Elements of an Activity Diagram
Guidelines for Creating Activity Diagrams
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A number of activities support abusiness process across several
departments Activity diagrams model the behavior
in a business process
› Sophisticated data flow diagrams
› Addresses Parallel concurrentactivities and complex processes
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Essentially a flow chart – showing flow of control
from activity to activity Models the dynamic aspects of systems
Focus is the work performed in implementation of
an operation or the activities in a use-caseinstance
Variant of a state diagram with a slightly different
purpose
› To capture actions (work and activitiesperformed)
› And the results of the actions (in terms of
object-state changes) 4
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The states in the activity diagram – calledaction-states transition directly to the next
stage when the action in the state isperformed
Unlike the normal state diagrams – the
events are not specified Another difference is that their actions may
be placed in swimlanes
A swimlane groups activities w.r.t.:› Who is responsible for the activities, or
› Where the activities reside in an
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An activity diagram is an alternative wayof describing interactions which expresses
› How actions are taken› What they do (change object states)
› When they take place (action
sequences)› Where they take place (swimlanes)
Has a start point and an end point
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Activity diagrams may be used for differentpurposes
› To capture the work (actions) that will beperformed when an operation isexecuting – the instance of an operation
implementation. The most commonusage of activity diagrams
› To capture the internal work of an object
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› To show how a set of related actionsmay be performed, and how they will
affect objects around them› To show how an instance of a use-
case may be performed in terms of
actions and object state changes› To show how a business works in terms
of workers (actors), workflows,
organization and objects
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An activity is an ongoing nonatomicexecution.
Contents:
Distinguishes activity diagrams from allother kinds of diagrams
› Action states and activity states
› Transitions
› Objects
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Action States:
Are atomic
Cannot be decomposed – the actionstate is not interrupted by any event
Considered to take insignificantexecution time
Eg, submit plan, initialize, increment etc
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Can be further decomposed
Nonatomic – may be interrupted Take some time to complete
Can be thought of as a composite – madeup of other activity states and action states
Eg, process bill, prepare purchase order etc
An action state is a special case of an activitystate
An action state is an activity state thatcannot be further decomposed
Zoom into the details of an activity state; you
will find another activity diagram 11
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When the action or activity of a state
completes, flow of control passesimmediately to the next action or activitystate
This flow is specified by using transitions, which
show the path from one action or activitystate to the next action or activity state
A simple directed line represents this
Semantically these are calledtriggerless/completion transitions
The flow of control continues indefinitely› In case of an infinite activity, or
› Until a stop state is encountered 12
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As in a flow chart, branches can be
included
This specifies alternate paths takenbased on some Boolean expression
Branches are represented as a diamond A branch may have one incoming
transition and two or more outgoing
ones Guard conditions are placed on each
outgoing transition
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When modeling workflows of business
processes we might encounter concurrentflows
We use a synchronization bar to specify
forking and joining of these parallel flows ofcontrol
Represented as a thick horizontal/vertical line
Fork and join should balance – number offlows leaving a fork should match the number of flows that enter its corresponding join
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When modeling workflows of business processes, it isuseful to partition the activity states into groups
Each group represents a component of the businessorganization responsible for a set of activities
Each group is called a swim-lane
Separated from its neighbour by a vertical line, each
group specifies a locus of activities Each swim-lane has a unique name, and represents
a real-world entity
Each swim-lane may be implemented by one or
more classes In an activity diagram partitioned into swim-lanes,
every activity belongs to exactly one swim-lane
Transitions may cross lanes
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Objects may be involved in the flow ofcontrol associated with an activity diagram
Objects can be shown explicitly in an activitydiagram using a dependency notation,connected to the relevant activity or
transition that creates, destroys, or modifiesthese objects
This use of dependency relationships and
objects is called an object flow because itrepresents the participation of an object in aflow of control
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In addition to participation, we can alsoshow how an object’s role, state and
attribute values change
State of an object can be shown bynaming it in square brackets below the
object’s name Attributes values are shown in attributes’
compartment below object’s name
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Common Uses:
Activity diagrams model the dynamic aspectsof a system
Typically, used in two ways To model a workflow:
› Focus on activities as viewed by actors
that interact and collaborate with thesystem
› Workflows are used to visualize, specify,construct, and document businessprocesses involving the system we aredeveloping
› Here, modeling object flow is of
particular importance 21
T d l ti
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To model an operation:
› Here, activity diagrams are used asflowcharts
› Models the details of a computation
›
Modeling of branch, fork, and join statesis very important
› The context of the activity diagram,here, involves the parameters of theoperation and local objects
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Customer Sales Accounting Warehouse
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Customer Sales Accounting Warehouse
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Establish a focus for the workflow. May not be
possible to show all the workflows in onediagram
Select the business objects that have high-level responsibilities for the overall workflow.These may be real things from the vocabularyof the system, or may be abstract entities
Create a swimlane for each important
business object
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Identify the preconditions of theworkflow’s initial state and the post-
conditions of the workflow’s final state.This helps to model the boundaries of theworkflow
Starting at the workflow’s initial state,specify the activities and actions thattake place over time and show them inthe activity diagram as either activity
states or action states
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An activity diagram can be attached to anymodeling element for visualizing, specifying,constructing, and documenting that element’sbehaviour.
We can attach activity diagrams to classes,
interfaces, components, nodes, use cases, andcollaborations.
The most common element to model is anoperation.
Here, it is simply a flowchart of an operation’sactions. But, the primary advantage is itssemantic richness. Any other operation/signalfrom another object can be represented along
with type checking. 27
To model an operation:
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To model an operation:
Collect the abstractions involved in thisoperation, including the parameters and the
return types.
Identify the preconditions at the operation’sinitial state and the post conditions at the
operation’s final state. Also identify theinvariants of the enclosing class that musthold during the execution of the operation
Starting at the operation’s initial state, specifythe activities and actions that take placeover time and show them in the activitydiagram as either activity states or action
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Use branching (as applicable) to specifyconditional paths and iteration
If the operation is owned by an activeclass, use forking and joining to showparallel flows of execution
Ex: An activity diagram for ComputingFibonacci numbers
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