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7 - 1CH110: Solutions
CH110 Chapter 9: Solutions
Types & Formation of Solutions
Solubility
Electrolytes
Solution Concentration
Dilution
Colloids & Suspensions
Osmosis & Dialysis
7 - 2CH110: Solutions
Sugar in waterSaline
Oxygen in waterAir
Dental fillings
SolutionsA solution =
A homogeneous mixture components.
7 - 3CH110: Solutions
Solutions
Na+
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Solvent : component in greater amount
(The dissolver)• Water• Alcohol
Solute: component in lesser amount
(The dissolved)• NaCl
• Sugar
7 - 4CH110: Solutions
Solutions
• the solute can’t be filtered out
•always stays mixed
•particles are always in motion
•volumes not additive
• solute evenly dispersed
7 - 5CH110: Solutions
Solutions
Solid solutionsdental fillings, 14K gold (58% Au ),
Brass (Zn in Cu),
Steel (C in Fe),
Liquid solutions
Gaseous solutionsAir,
Solid in Solid
Liquid in Solid (Hg in Ag)
Soda,
Vodka,
Saline,
Gas in Liquid
Liquid in Liquid
Solid in Liquid
Gas in Gas
7 - 6CH110: Solutions
Hydrogen Bonding of Water
H
HO
d+
d+d-
H H
Od+ d+
d-
H
H
Od+
d+
d-
Hydrogen BondsH H
Od+ d+
d-
Polar Attraction
7 - 7CH110: Solutions
Hydrogen Bonding of Water
Hydrogen Bonds
7 - 8CH110: Solutions
Frozen H2O: Slow moving moleculesH-Bond in patterns
Hydrogen Bonding of Water
7 - 9CH110: Solutions
Hydration
“Like Dissolves Like”“Like Dissolves Like”
Polar water attracts to
Na+ and Cl- ions
Polar water attracts to
Na+ and Cl- ions
7 - 10CH110: Solutions
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
HH
O- +
H
HO-
+
HH
O-+
H
H
Od-
d+
d+
H HOd-
d+d+
Hydration
7 - 11CH110: Solutions
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
HH
O- +
H
HO-
+
HH
O-+
Hydration
7 - 12CH110: Solutions
H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
HH
O- +
H
HO-
+
HH
O-+
Hydration
7 - 13CH110: Solutions
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O- +
H
H
O-+
HH
O- +
H
HO-
+
HH
O-+
Hydration
7 - 14CH110: Solutions
H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+ H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
HH
O- +
HH
O-+
Hydration
7 - 15CH110: Solutions
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+H
HO-
+H
HO-
+
H
H
O-+
HH
O- +
HH
O-+
Hydration
7 - 16CH110: Solutions
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
H
H
O-+H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+ H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+ H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+ H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
HH
O- +
HH
O-+
Hydration
7 - 17CH110: Solutions
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
HH
O- +
HH
O- +H
HO- +H
HO- +
HH
O- +
HH
O- +
HH
O- +
HH
O- +
HH
O- +H
HO- +H
HO
-+
HH
O-+
Hydration
7 - 18CH110: Solutions
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
HH
O-
+
HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+ HH
O-+
Hydration
7 - 19CH110: Solutions
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
H
H
O-+
HH
O-
+
HH
O-+
H
H
O-+
HH
O-
+
HH
O-+
H
H
O-+
HH
O-
+HH
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
HO
-+
HH
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
HO
-+
HH
O-+
Hydration
“Like Dissolves Like”“Like Dissolves Like”
7 - 20CH110: Solutions
SaturationUnsaturated:
Can dissolve more.
Saturated Have dissolved all possible
Undissolved Solids in equilibrium
w/ dissolved particles
Undissolved Solids in equilibrium
w/ dissolved particles
7 - 21CH110: Solutions
Solubility
How much solute will dissolve in a solvent
grams solute mls solutiongrams solute mls solution
Factors affecting solubility
• Polarity
• Temperature
• Pressure
7 - 22CH110: Solutions
Polarity vs Solubility
Like Dissolves Like
NaCl dissolves in H2O
But not in C6H14
NaCl dissolves in H2O
But not in C6H14
Oil dissolves in C6H14
But not in H2O
Oil dissolves in C6H14
But not in H2O
Polar Attracts Polar
Nonpolar Attracts Nonpolar
7 - 23CH110: Solutions
Gases More soluble
when
P increases
Solids & Liquids unaffected
SolP
Pressure vs Solubility
P Sol
7 - 24CH110: Solutions
HENRY’S LAWThe solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure on the liquid.
P SolT
If P goes up Gas solubility goes up(more gas will dissolve)
7 - 25CH110: Solutions
If P goes down Gas solubility goes down(gases escape)
HENRY’S LAW
P SolT
Soda under high pressure
Soda under low pressure
Example: opening a soda.
7 - 26CH110: Solutions
The “Bends”
Lots of dissolved N2
High P
Less dissolved gases
Lower P
Quick ascent Get bubbles in blood & joints extreme pain
7 - 27CH110: Solutions
The “Bends”
Lots of dissolved gases
High P
Less dissolved
gases
Lower PN2 accumulates in brain, spinal cord,
and peripheral nerves. Bubbles here can cause paralysis and convulsions.
Effects often irreversible.
N2 accumulates in brain, spinal cord,
and peripheral nerves. Bubbles here can cause paralysis and convulsions.
Effects often irreversible.
7 - 28CH110: Solutions
“Nitrogen Narcosis”,
= nitrogen euphoria or raptures of the deep.
(Effect somewhat like that observed
when alcohol levels rise in the blood.)
So, Helium
often substituted for
N2 in divers air.
Nitrogen Narcosis
7 - 29CH110: Solutions
Temperature vs Solubility
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 20 40 60 80 100
SO2
KCl
glycine
NaBr
KNO3
sucrose
So
lub
ility
(g/1
00m
l wat
er)
Temperature (oC)
GasGas
NaCl
7 - 30CH110: Solutions
Gases & most liquids less soluble
when
T increases
Solids more soluble
SolT
T
Sol
Temperature vs Solubility
7 - 31CH110: Solutions
The solubility of a gas in a liquid is inversely related to the temperature .
If T goes up Gas solubility goes down(gases escape)
Temperature vs Solubility
Gas Solubility
T
S
T S
T
S
7 - 32CH110: Solutions
Carbonated beverages bottled cold.
Temperature vs Solubility
Divers with bends often packed in ice for transport
to hyperbaric chamber.
7 - 33CH110: Solutions
Temperature vs Solubility
Cold H2O holds more gas than warm H2O
If hot rivers lose too much dissolved O2 the fish can’t survive.
7 - 34CH110: Solutions
Electrolytes
Na+
NaCl
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
Ionic Covalent
Dissolved Ions No Ions
NaCl Na+ + Cl-NaCl Na+ + Cl-
7 - 35CH110: Solutions
Na+
NaCl
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
ElectrolytesIonic
Strong
Lots of Ions
Weak
Only a few Ions
H+
HF
H+F1-
F1-
HF
HF
NaCl Na+ + Cl-NaCl Na+ + Cl- HF H+ + F-HF H+ + F-
7 - 36CH110: Solutions
Na+
NaCl
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
Electrolytes in BloodSerum Electrolytes Eq/mol sodium Na1+ 1potassium K1+ 1calcium Ca2+ 2magnesium Mg2+ 2
chloride Cl1- 1 Sulfate SO4
2- 2Phosphate PO4
3- 3
Equivalent = mols of charge LiterEquivalent = mols of charge Liter
7 - 37CH110: Solutions
1 pair =
1 dozen =
1 mole =
1 pair =
1 dozen =
1 mole =
The Mole
1 mol eggs___
6.02 x 1023eggs
1 mol Au_______
6.02 x 1023 Au atoms
_____1 mole H2O_____
6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules
2
12
6.02 x 1023
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.
7 - 38CH110: Solutions
Na+
NaCl
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
Electrolytes in BloodSerum Electrolytes meq/l sodium Na1+ 135 -
145potassium K1+ 3.5 -
5.0calcium Ca2+ 4.5 - 5.5magnesium Mg2+ 1.5 - 2.5
chloride Cl1- 95 - 105
bicarbonate, HCO31-
venous 19 - 25
arterial 22 - 26
1000 mEq = 1 Eq1000 mEq = 1 Eq
7 - 39CH110: Solutions
= # ml solute 100 ml solution
mass percent = m/m %mass
Concentration of solutions
• Percent = %• Percent = %
•Molarity = M•Molarity = M
mass percent = m/v %volume
How much solute is in a solutionHow much solute is in a solution
= # g solute100 g solution
Volume percent = v/v %volume
= # g solute 100 ml solution
= # mol solute 1 L solution
7 - 40CH110: Solutions
Mass/Volume %
Mass solute x 100 = m/v % Total Volume
5 g NaCl200 ml sln
If 5 grams of NaCl is dissolved in water to make 200 ml of solution, what is the concentration?If 5 grams of NaCl is dissolved in water to make 200 ml of solution, what is the concentration?
Saline is a 0.9 m % solution of NaCl in water. v
Part x 100 = % Whole
= 2.5 m % v= 2.5 m % v
= # g solute 100 ml solution
2.5x 100 100
7 - 41CH110: Solutions
Volume/Volume %
Volume solute Total Volume
x 100 =
10 ml alc x 100 = 200 ml sln10 ml alc x 100 = 200 ml sln
If 10 ml of alcohol is dissolved in water to make 200 ml of solution, what is the concentration?If 10 ml of alcohol is dissolved in water to make 200 ml of solution, what is the concentration?
Alcohol in beverages measured as v % v
Part Whole
x 100 =
5 v % v
7 - 43CH110: Solutions
% as Conversion Factor
How many grams of glucose does it take to make 2.00 L of a 5% m/v Glucose solution.
How many grams of glucose does it take to make 2.00 L of a 5% m/v Glucose solution.
2.00 L sln
1000 mL sln 1 L sln
5 g Glc100 mL sln
= g Glu100
5 g Glu
100 mL sln
5 g Glu
100 mL sln
100 mL sln
5 g Glu
100 mL sln
5 g Glu
or
7 - 44CH110: Solutions
% as Conversion Factor
How many milliliters of alcohol are in an 8 ozglass of wine that is 11% v/v.How many milliliters of alcohol are in an 8 ozglass of wine that is 11% v/v.
8 oz sln
1 qt sln 32 oz sln
946 ml sln1 qt sln
11 ml Alc100 ml sln
= ml Alc26
11 mL Alc
100 mL sln
11 mL Alc
100 mL sln
100 mL sln
11 mL Alc
100 mL sln
11 mL Alc
or
7 - 45CH110: Solutions
Molarity
M = M =
moles solute = molliters of solution Lmoles solute = molliters of solution L
A 1 M glucose solutioncontains the same #
molecules as 1 M ethanol.
[ ] = special symbol which means mols L
[ ] = special symbol which means mols L
7 - 48CH110: Solutions
Solution preparationSolutions are typically prepared in 2 ways:
mixing the proper amount of solute and solvent.
dilution of a concentrated solution.
7 - 49CH110: Solutions
100 ml sln 1 L sln1000 ml sln
0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln
58.44 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl
Making a solution
How many g’s of NaCl do you need to weigh out?
= grams NaCl
Prepare 100 ml of a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride. Prepare 100 ml of a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride.
2.922
0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln
1 L sln 0.5 mol NaCl1 L sln 0.5 mol NaCl
or
7 - 50CH110: Solutions
Making a solution
To make the solution:Weigh out 2.922 grams NaCl and transfer to a
volumetric flask.
Fill flask about 1/3 of the way with water and gently swirl until the salt dissolves.
Dilute exactly to themark, cap and mix.
Prepare 100 ml of a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride. Prepare 100 ml of a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride.
7 - 51CH110: Solutions
Dilution
moles in soln 1 = moles in soln 2 moles in soln 1 = moles in soln 2
C1V1 = C2V2
7 - 53CH110: Solutions
Dilution
C1 = 15 % C2 = ?V1 = 100.0 ml V2 = 2000
ml
C1 = 15 % C2 = ?V1 = 100.0 ml V2 = 2000
ml
What is the concentration of a solution produced by diluting 100.0 ml of 15 % NaOH to 2.000 liters?
What is the concentration of a solution produced by diluting 100.0 ml of 15 % NaOH to 2.000 liters?
C1V1 = C2V2
C2 = C1V1 V2
C2 = (15 %) (100.0 ml) = 0.75 % (2000. ml)
C2 = (15 %) (100.0 ml) = 0.75 % (2000. ml)
7 - 54CH110: Solutions
Colloids & SuspensionsColloid: Homogeneous mix
But not a solution.Particles larger (10-7 to 10-5 cm)
than in a sln (<10-7 cm). But still don’t settle out.
Suspension: Heterogeneous mix
Large particles may settle out & can be filtered.
7 - 55CH110: Solutions
Colloids
Solid MediumStyrofoamJelly,Opals Pearls,Concrete
Liquid Medium
Gaseous MediumFog,
Smoke
Solid in Solid = solid sol
Liquid in Solid = Gel
Cool whip,
milk,
paint,blood
Gas in Liq = foamLiquid in Liquid = emulsionSolid in Liquid = sol
Gas in Solid = foam
Liquid dispersed in Gas = Aerosol
Solid in Gas = Aerosol
7 - 57CH110: Solutions
Tyndal effect
Unlike solutions, colloidal suspensions exhibit light scattering.
1 2 3
1. purple gold sol
2. copper sulfate solution
3. iron(III) hydroxide colloid
7 - 58CH110: Solutions
Osmosis
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Cl-
Cl-
Semipermeable membrane
Concentrated Sln Dilute Sln
Solvent & small particles move
Solvent Tries to dilute the Concentrated sln
7 - 59CH110: Solutions
OsmosisApply P
To return To original level
Hydrostatic POn membrane
7 - 60CH110: Solutions
Osmotic pressure (p)P required to stop osmosis.
7 - 61CH110: Solutions
Solution TypesIsotonic• Concentration is same on
both sides.Red blood cell & plasma
Isotonic• Concentration is same on
both sides.Red blood cell & plasma
Hypertonic• Concentration greater outside • crenation - water leaves cell
Hypertonic• Concentration greater outside • crenation - water leaves cell
Hypotonic• Concentration greater inside • hemolysis - cell swells &
ruptures
Hypotonic• Concentration greater inside • hemolysis - cell swells &
ruptures
7 - 62CH110: Solutions
Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic
7 - 63CH110: Solutions
IsotonicNormal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl 5% Glucose SlnUsed to replace body fluids
IsotonicNormal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl 5% Glucose SlnUsed to replace body fluids
HypertonicUsed to draw water from tissueTo reduce swelling Gargling with salt H2O, Sitz baths with epsom salts
HypertonicUsed to draw water from tissueTo reduce swelling Gargling with salt H2O, Sitz baths with epsom salts
HypotonicUsed to rehydrate tissueHypotonicUsed to rehydrate tissue
Osmosis and IV solutions
7 - 64CH110: Solutions
Dialysis
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Cl-
Cl-
Membrane w/ bigger holes than osmosisConcentrated Sln Dilute Sln
Solvent & small particles move
The process where solvent and other small molecules can pass through a membrane.
7 - 65CH110: Solutions
water, ions and small molecule
out
Dialysis
By passing large amounts of a pure solvent past the membrane, we can flush out all but the largest components.
purewater in
Process to treat renal disease.
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