60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Investigation of transformation...
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- Slide 1
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Investigation of transformation characteristics from wood to
charcoal at elevated temperature Sung-Min Kwon Nam-Hun Kim
(Department of Wood Science & Engineering, College of Forest
and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Korea)
IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 2
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Charcoal
? Production of charcoal with a Korean traditional kiln IUFRO
conference 2007 in Taiwan Charcoal is the solid residue from the
pyrolysis of wood. The best materials for making charcoal in Korea
are the oak woods such as Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica and
Quercus dentata. * Characteristics of charcoal Carbon content : ca.
80 - 90% pH : ca. 8 - 9 Heating value : ca. 7000cal/g Specific
surface: ca. 200-400m 2 /g
- Slide 3
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Utilization of charcoal IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
Agricultural uses Industrial uses Improvement of environmental
pollution Soil improvement livestock feed additive Air purification
Gases Activated carbon Pores Activated carbon adsorption Charcoal
is used in variety ways.
- Slide 4
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Early
studies Many studies were focused on the charcoal: Anatomical and
physical characteristics; Beall et al. (1974), Cutter et al.
(1980), Prior and Alvin (1983) Angeles (2001), Kim and Hanna (2006)
Chemical characteristics; Sadakata et al. (1987), Kumar et al.
(1992), Nishimiya et al. (1998), Marshall et al. (2005), Trompowsky
et al. (2005) Carbon absorption; Ehrburger and Lahaye (1982),
Pastor-Villegas et al. (2007), Sakurovs et al. (2007), Bornemann et
al. (2007) IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 5
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Major
Questions WoodCharcoal What happen? IUFRO conference 2007 in
Taiwan
- Slide 6
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Carbonization process Charring temperature (C) [Ishihara S. Journal
of Japan Wood Research Society. 42(8):717-723 (1996)] 0 500 1000
1500 2000 2500 3000 160 450 Thermal decomposition Charcoalization
260 800 600 1800 1600 3000 Carbonization Graphitization IUFRO
conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 7
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Charring
temperature (C) [Prins M.J., Krzysztof K.J. and Janssen F.J.J.G.,
J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 77:28-34 (2006).] 0 100 200 300 400 500
Water evaporation Generating gases (CO, H, CH 4 ) Hemicellulose
decomposition 225 325 250 500 Lignin decomposition 305 375
Cellulose decomposition IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
Decomposition of wood components
- Slide 8
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Objective of this study Up to now, the transition characteristic
from wood to charcoal has not been clearly understood. Clarifying
the transition characteristics from wood to charcoal during
carbonization process. IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 9
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Experimental We focused on : Changes ofChanges of - volumetric
shrinkage - volumetric shrinkage - weight loss - weight loss -
vessel diameter - vessel diameter - pH - pH - cell wall morphology
- cell wall morphology - crystal structure - crystal structure
IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 10
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Material
and Methods Species Quercus variabilis DBH* (cm) 20.3 Age 41 Green
Moisture Content (%) 63.5 SapwoodHeartwood Green density (Wg/Vg)
(g/cm 3 ) SapwoodHeartwood 1.07 Locality Chunchon Korea 59.51.11
*Diameter at Breast Height Table 1. Characteristics of sample tree
Sample tree Latitude 3788N Longitude 12772E IUFRO conference 2007
in Taiwan
- Slide 11
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Specimens for carbonization The electric furnace used for
carbonization. (HT 16/16; Supertherm, Germany) N 2 gas Chamber
Sapwood Heartwood 10mm(T) 10mm(R) 20mm(L) Materials and Methods
IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 12
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Carbonization using an electric furnace N 2 gas (1kg/cm 2 ) Chamber
Control condition N 2 gas (1kg/cm 2 ) Chamber Heating Target
temperature: 310, 320, 330, 340 and 350C Heating time to target
temperature: 30 minutes N 2 gas (1kg/cm 2 ) Chamber Heating
Residence time : 10 minutes Samples Cooling Sand Electric furnace
Chamber Materials and Methods IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 13
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Diameter
of vessel - Measuring microscope (Nicon, MM-40). - Image analyzer
(IMT, i-Solution) Volumetric shrinkage and weight loss - VS (%) = V
1 - V 2 V 1 X 100 V 1 :the volume of original wood V 2 :the volume
of carbonized wood Material and Methods - WL (%) = W 1 - W 2 W 1 X
100 W 1 :the weight of original wood W 2 :the weight of carbonized
wood IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan pH - pH meter (inoLab, pH
Level 2)
- Slide 14
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University X-ray
diffraction method - Sample dimensions : 1mm (R) 10mm (T) 10mm (L).
- X-ray diffractometer (RIGAGU, DMAX 2100V) : Nickel-filtered CuK
radiation (tube voltage: 40 kV, filament current: 40 mA) - Smooth
surfaces in three-plane were obtained by cutting with a sliding
microtome. - Coating : gold, about 100 thick, Ion sputtering coater
(Cressington, 108). - Scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSM-5510,
15~20kV). Material and Methods Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 15
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Results
and Discussion Visual observation Fig. 1 Carbonized woods of
Quercus variabilis at different temperatures. Control
SapwoodHeartwood IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 16
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Wood 200
320C Fig. 2 Quercus variabilis wood (left) and the carbonized wood
(right) at different temperatures. 200 Wood 200 310C 200 Results
and Discussion IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 17
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University 340C
Wood 200 Wood 330C 200 350C Wood 200 Fig. 2-1 Quercus variabilis
wood(left) and the carbonized wood(right) at different
temperatures. Results and Discussion IUFRO conference 2007 in
Taiwan
- Slide 18
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Fig. 3
Changes of volumetric shrinkage during carbonization at different
temperatures. Volumetric shrinkage Results and Discussion IUFRO
conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 19
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Fig. 4
Changes of weight loss during carbonization at different
temperatures. Weight loss Results and Discussion IUFRO conference
2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 20
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Fig. 5
Changes of vessel diameter during carbonization at different
temperatures. Sapwood Heartwood Tangential direction Radial
direction Vessel diameter Results and Discussion IUFRO conference
2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 21
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Fig. 6
Changes of pH during carbonization at different temperatures. pH
Results and Discussion IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan 0
- Slide 22
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University SEM
observation Fig. 7 Transverse surfaces of parenchyma cells of
Quercus variabilis charred at different temperatures. Wood310C 320C
Results and Discussion IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 23
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Fig. 7-1
Transverse surfaces of parenchyma cells of Quercus variabilis
charred at different temperatures. 330C 350C 340C Results and
Discussion SEM observation IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 24
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University SEM
observation Fig. 8 Transverse surfaces of wood fibers of Quercus
variabilis charred at different temperatures. Wood310C 320C Results
and Discussion IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 25
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Fig. 8-1
Transverse surfaces of wood fibers of Quercus variabilis charred at
different temperatures. 330C 350C 340C Results and Discussion SEM
observation IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 26
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Fig. 9
Equatorial X-ray diffractograms of tangential surfaces of Quercus
variabilis charred at different temperatures. Results and
Discussion IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan X-ray diffraction (110)
(200)
- Slide 27
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Summary
Volume of wood samples : Volume of wood samples : - decreased with
increasing the carbonization temperature - decreased with
increasing the carbonization temperature - checks were developed
along with radial direction - checks were developed along with
radial direction Vessel diameter shrinkage : Vessel diameter
shrinkage : - tangential direction > radial direction -
tangential direction > radial direction Weight loss : Weight
loss : - increased with increasing carbonization temperature -
increased with increasing carbonization temperature - weight loss
rapidly increased at the temperature ranging - weight loss rapidly
increased at the temperature ranging from 330 to 340C from 330 to
340C IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
- Slide 28
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Cell
wall morphology Crystalline cellulose Carbonization temperature (C)
310320330340350 Discernible layers A glazed and amorphous
appearance Detected Not detected IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
Summary
- Slide 29
- 60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University Thank
you for your attention ! More information : kimnh@kangwon.ac.kr
IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan