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5.0: MECHANICAL SEPARATIONNOOR MUHAMMAD SYAHRIN BIN YAHYA
5.1: INTRODUCTION
• LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
1. UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF MECHANICAL SEPARATION
2. UNDERSTAND THE USE OF MECHANICAL SEPARATION IN HERBAL INDUSTRY
• LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. EXPLAIN SCREENING PROCESS AND PURPOSE
2. DESCRIBE FILTRATION PROCESS
3. EXPLAIN CLARIFYING FILTERS AND THE DIFFERENT WITH SCREENING
4. EXPLAIN GRAVITY AND CENTRIFUGE SETTLING PROCESSES.
INTRODUCTION
• SEPARATIONS ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT IN CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING AND
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROCESSING.
• SEPARATION IS DIVIDED INTO TWO CLASSES. ONE CLASS, KNOWN AS DIFFUSIONAL
OPERATION, INVOLVES THE TRANSFER OF MATERIALS BETWEEN PHASES AS DISCUSS IN
CHAPTER MEMBRANE SEPARATION AND ANOTHER CLASS, KNOWN AS MECHANICAL
SEPARATION.
• MECHANICAL SEPARATION IS APPLICABLE TO HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE, NOT TO
HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTION. THE TECHNIQUES ARE BASED ON PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN THE PARTICLES SUCH AS SIZE, SHAPE, OR DENSITY.
INTRODUCTION
• THEY ARE APPLICABLE TO SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM GASES, LIQUID DROPS FROM GASES,
SOLID FROM SOLID, AND SOLID FROM LIQUIDS.
• TWO GENERAL METHODS ARE THE USE OF SIEVE, SEPTUM OR MEMBRANE SUCH AS A SCREEN
OR A FILTER, WHICH RETAINS ONE COMPONENT AND ALLOW THE OTHER TO PASS; AND THE
UTILIZATION OF DIFFERENCES IN THE RATE OF SEDIMENTATION OF PARTICLE OR DROPS AS
THEY MOVE THROUGH A LIQUID OR GAS.
INTRODUCTION
• SEPARATION PROCESS IS USED TO TRANSFORM A MIXTURE OF SUBSTANCES INTO TWO OR
MORE DISTINCT PRODUCTS.
• THE MIXTURE CAN BE A COMBINATION OF ANY TWO OR MORE STATES: SOLID-SOLID, SOLID-
LIQUID, SOLID-GAS, LIQUID-LIQUID, LIQUID-GAS, GAS-GAS, SOLID-LIQUID-GAS MIXTURE, ETC.
SEPARATION PROCESS MECHANISMS
• PHASE CREATION
• PHASE ADDITION
• BARRIER
• SOLID AGENT
• EXTERNAL FIELD
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HOW SEPARATION IS CARRIED OUT ?
• IN ORDER TO AFFECT A SEPARATİON, SEPARATİNG AGENTS ARE NEEDED İN THE
FORM OF EİTHER:
1. ENERGY İNPUT (HEAT, ELECTRİCİTY, MAGNETİSM,)
2. WİTHDRAWAL OF ENERGY ( COOLİNG, FREEZİNG)
3. MEDIUM (FİLTER, MEMBRANE, SCREENS)
4. MAY BE ANY PHASE AS WELL AS ANY CHEMICAL
CLASSIFICATION OF SEPARATION PROCESSES
THE CLASSIFICATION CAN BE BASED ON THE MEANS OF SEPARATION;
1. MECHANICAL PROCESSES
2. CHEMICAL PROCESSES
WHY SEPARATIONS ARE NEEDED?
• ISOLATİNG VALUABLE CHEMICALS FROM MIXTURES
• REMOVİNG IMPURITIES FROM RAW MATERIALS
• PURIFICATION OF PRODUCTS
MECHANICAL SEPARATIONS
• MECHANICAL SEPARATIONS ARE APPLICABLE TO HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURES, NOT TO HOMOGENOUS SOLUTIONS. THE TECHNIQUES
ARE BASED ON THE PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES B/W THE PARTICLES
SUCH AS SIZE, SHAPE OR DENSITY.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Advantages Disadvantages
Relatively less Energy
Requirements
Not applicable for separating
Components in homogeneous phase
Ease of Operation Not versatile i.e. in same state may
be one element can be separated
and other don’t.
Ease of Maintenance Applicable to low flow rates
No special Feed pretreatment
required
CLASSIFICATION
ON THE BASIS OF CHARACTERISTICS
DEPENDING ON THE DIFFERENCE IN SIZE OR SHAPE
DEPENDING ON THE DIFFERENCE IN PHASE DENSITY
DEPENDING ON FLUID AND PARTICLE MECHANICS
DEPENDING ON SURFACE, ELECTRICAL OR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
ON THE BASIS OF PHASES INVOLVED
S-S
L-L
G-L
L-G
S-L
L-S
S-G
OUR FOCUS WILL BE THE…
SOLID – SOLID SEPARATION
SOLID – LIQUID SEPARATION
SOLID – GAS SEPARATION
SOLID – SOLID SEPARATION
OBJECTIVE – TO SEPARATE THE MIXTURE OF SOLIDS INTO
TWO OR MORE FRACTIONS
DRY BASIS
▪ SCREENING
▪ ELECTROSTATIC
▪ MAGNETIC
WET BASIS
▪ CLASSIFICATION
SOLID – LIQUID SEPARATION
OBJECTIVE – TO SEPARATE THE SOLIDS AND LIQUID
FROM EACH OTHER
▪ FILTRATION
▪ SEDIMENTATION – GRAVITATIONAL SETTLING
▪ CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS
SOLID – GAS SEPARATION
OBJECTIVE – TO SEPARATE THE SOLIDS FROM GAS
▪ FILTRATION
▪ GRAVITATIONAL SETTLING
▪ CENTRIFUGATION
FILTRATION
SEDIMENTATION
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION
MAGNETIC SEPARATION
ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION
THANK YOUNOOR MUHAMMAD SYAHRIN BIN YAHYA
NMSBY.YOLASITE.COM
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