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4.1 THE COMPONENTS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS
4 Categorical Propositions
Standard Form Categorical Propositions
All S are PNo S are PSome S are PSome S are not P
Unless a statement is in one of these four forms, it is not in standard form.
Standard Form Categorical Proposition
All members of the American Medical Association are persons holding degrees from recognized academic institutions.
Quantifier = AllSubject term = members of the American Medical AssociationCopula = arePredicate term = persons holding degrees from recognized academic institutions
This statement is an instantiation of the standard form:All S are P
You might translate it:All M are Dfor All AMA Members are Degree holders
Some universities that emphasize research are not institutions that neglect undergraduate education.
Quantifier = SomeSubject term = universities that emphasize researchCopula = are notPredicate term = institutions that neglect undergraduate education
This statement is an instantiation of the standard form:Some S are not P
You might translate it:Some R are not Nfor Some Research universities are not Neglecters of undergrads.
Standard Form Categorical Proposition
Standard Form Categorical Proposition
The Subject term and Predicate term each name a class (or group) of things.
The Quantifiers “All,” “No,” and “Some” tell us how much of the subject class is included in or excluded from the predicate class.
The Copulas “are” and “are not” tell us whether members of the subject class are included or excluded from the predicate class.
Standard Form Categorical Proposition
Identify the Subject Term, Predicate Term, Copula, and Quantifier:
1) No persons who live near airports are persons who appreciate the noise of jets.
2) All oil-based paints are products that contribute significantly to photochemical smog.
3) Some artificial hearts are mechanisms that are prone to failure.
4) Some universities that emphasize research are not institutions that neglect undergraduate education.
About Terms…
Notice on the previous slide, all the words between the quantifier and copula count as the subject term … all the words after the copula to the end of the sentence count as the predicate term.
This will be true of every categorical sentence we consider in the text, quizzes, and tests.
This isn’t true, always, in ordinary discourse.
Quantities
There are 3 different quantifiers (words that show quantity), but just two quantities. Huh?
AllNoSome Particular
Universal
Qualities
There are just two qualities, affirmative & negative, but 4 words that indicate them:
‘All’‘Are’‘No’‘Are not’
indicate Affirmative
indicate Negative
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