4000 20000 BCE Time (years) CE Stone Age Bronze ageIron Age The ages of civilization and Metal...

4000 2000 0 2000

BCE Time (years) CE

Stone Age Bronze age Iron Age

The ages of civilization and Metal Consumption

Mineral Resource Consumption

Copper

Aluminium

Metal consumption – resources

Life expectancies of resources of selected commodities based on crustal abundance

Metal Recycling

Rates Metal Recycling

Metallic Mineral Exploration – Looking for the proverbial needle in the haystack

Black Smokers and Massive Sulphide Ore Deposits

350 oC

Chalcopyrite

Sphalerite

Pyrite(FeS2)

(CuFeS2)

Black SmokersFluids precipitate sulphide minerals on the walls of the chimneys (Pyrite, FeS2; Chalcopyrite, CuFeS2; Sphalerite ZnS).

Massive Sulphide Ore Formation

Black Smokers and Massive Sulphide Ore Deposits

Sphalerite

Pyrite

Pyrite and sphalerite

Sphalerite

Pyrite

Chalcopyrite

Sphalerite

Pyrrhotite

Massive Sulphide Ores

Hydrothermal vein deposits

Hot water dissolves metals as complex molecules, e.g. H2WO4 or Hg(HS)2. Quartz and metallic minerals precipitate in fractures in response to cooling or changes in water chemistry

Cinnabar (HgS)

m10 cm

Hg-bearing quartz vein

Fluid inclusionWolframite

(Fe,Mn)WO4)

Porphyry Copper deposits

Porphyry ore Brine (NaCl-H2O) exsolves from cooling diorite intrusion

Cu dissolved as CuCl2, Fe as FeCl2Reaction with H2S on cooling to form chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)

Open pit mine

Au(HS)2- + H+ + 0.5 H2O

= Au + 0.25O2 + 2H2S

Removed by boiling

Native gold

Formation of an epithermal gold deposit

Gold-bearing quartz veins

Native gold

Alluvial depositsGold panning

Gold nugget

Witwatersrand Goldfields

Gold- bearing conglomerate

(Produces 35% of world’s gold)

Understanding Planet EarthThe Earth as a System

4000 20000 BCE Time (years) CE Stone Age Bronze ageIron Age The ages of civilization and Metal...

Documents

Foundations Timeline Before 10,000 BCEPaleolithic Age 10,000 BCE to 4000 BCENeolithic Age 4000 BCE to 500 BCEFirst Civilizations 500 BCE to 600 CEClassical

Theories on prehistory and early · “Neolithic” “New Stone” Age 10,000 BCE –4,000 BCE Gradual shift from: Nomadic lifestyle settled, stationery lifestyle. Hunting/Gathering

1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE 2. 1,500,000 BCE -- 250,000 BCE 3. 250,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE 4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone

300 BCE – 232 BCE Devin Ouellette. Birth of Asoka 300 BCE Marriage 284 BCE Conversion to Buddhism 263 BCE Reign begins 272 BCE Death in 232 BCE

The Middle Bronze Age Instructor Pacas. Mesopotamia- Babylonian Civilization 2000 – 1600 BCE Around 2000 BCE a group of Semitic semi nomadic tribes

The Classical Greek Age 500-350 BCE. Theater of Dionysus

Early Human Societies AP World History. Paleolithic Age 2 million to 8,000 BCE

Overview of Western Civilization · Overview of Western Civilization Greece (1200-200 BCE) Pre-Classical Age (1200-500 BCE) Indo-European Invasions Dark Age (1100-800 BCE) Homer and

First Age of Empires 1570 BCE – 200 BCE Unit II Chapter 4 (Sections 2 - 4) World History 1 Mr. Pawlowski 2010 - 2011

The Golden Age of Athens Aka: The Age of Pericles Roughly 450-400 BCE

Homer as History Remnants of Mycenaean Epic?. Periodization Dark Age: ca. 1200-ca. 750 BCE Sub-Mycenaean: ca. 1125-1050 BCE Protogeometric: ca. 1050-900

The Golden Age of Pericles and the Peloponnesian War 449 – 404 BCE

End of the Golden Age of Greece Athens defeat in Peloponnesian War (431-404 bce) Death of Aristotle (322 bce)

Würm Ice Age (110 000 – 10 000 BCE). Würm Ice Age : Chronology

China’s classical age to 221 bce

Heat Pump Spare Parts 20000-140143 2001-3605 20000-360157 2001-1491 2001-1499 2000-1435 2004-1444 20000-140027 20000-140401 20000-360123 32015-120015 32019-210106 20000-110341 20000-140579

Ancient China Bronze age: Shang- 1700-1050 BCE Zhou- 1050-221 BCE

Paleolithic Man “The Old Stone Age” 250,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE Early Homo Sapien Life

“L’Age Pivotal” or The Axial Age or Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion 1000 BCE – 350 BCE

A Basic Chronology 1a. Bronze Age - Minoans 1900-1450 BCE