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ADA0A9L 172 OREGON STATE UNIV CORVALLIS SCHOOL OF OCEANOGRAPHY F/6 8/10
TOWED THERMISTOR CHAIN OBSERVATIONS IN JASIN, (LV'JUL A0 R J BAUMANN, C A PAULSON, J WAGNER N0001N-76C-0067
UNCLASSIFIED DATA-Al NL.3~Ehh~h
OCEA'NOGRAPHY
SNOVO0 3 198 .
[)J~hIUTN STAMO JALam.O~A Pn'
Approved for public Mae",*WAJ.;IrDistribution Unlimited a"e of N"i MUMe
A~nt" I*U 4f PO
a" soft
80 10 17 . U1
Unclassified -
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Whtofn D.,& Entered)
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONSBEFORE COMPLETING FORM
I REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
80-14 W
4 1 T L E rand S.b1titr) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
TOWED THERMISTOR CHAIN OBSERVATIONS IN JASIN data
6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
_____Data Report No. 80 r7. AU THOR(s) I. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(#)
R. J./Baumann* C. A. Paulson, and J./Wagner * N 014-76-C-0067, '
N00014- 79-C-W04
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASKOceao~rnhvAREA II WORK UNIT NUMBlERS
School of Oceanography
Oregon State University . NR 083-102Corvallis, OR 97331
I I CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS ,. REPORT DATE
Office of Naval Research { / July* v8l
Ocean Science and Technology Divison - NUMER OF PAGES 'I" V',
Arlington, VA 22217 207 J "I4 MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(If different from Conttilling Office) MS. SECURITY CLASS. (of ti ror)
unclassified
I.. DECLASSIFICATIONiDCWNGRADING
SCHEDULE
16 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thl Report)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the bstroct entered In Block 20, It different from Report)
1I. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side ifnoceeeary end Identify by block number)
Towed Thermistor ChainHorizontal Temperature Variability
Isotherm Cross-sections
Joint Air-Sea Interaction (JASIN) Experiment20 ABSTRACT (Continue on reveree side If neceesry and Identify by block number)
-- Observatons of temperature and pressure between 10 and 70 m depthwere taken with a towed thermistor chain during late August and early
September, 1978, about 400 km northwest of Scotland as a part of the JASIN
Experiment. The chain was usually towed at a speed of 3 m/s around a 15-km
square centered at 59 N, 12°30'W. On two occasions tows were made aroundfive-km squares as part of coordinated observations involving several ships.
The observations were averaged over sequential 30-second intervals and, ,.
DD , JAN7 1473 LOITON of I NOV asS OBSOLETE UnclassifiedS/N 0102014-6601 _
.SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Ufa Does Entered)
jj
Unclassified41 TY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(Whon Date F-twedi)
-.isotherm depths were interpolated from the averaged observations. Cross-sections of temperature and isotherm depth are presented. Spectra of thedepth of the lowest and highest isotherm of each cross-section are alsopresented.
Nq
i, Unclassified
I- SERCURITY CLASSIPICATION OF This PAfgI fte Data Eneod)
-- ' . .. . . , -- - n n ii n i n un I " "" I I I - .. . . ... .V 0-,
TOWED THERMISTOR CHAIN
OBSERVATIONS IN JASIN
by
R. J. Baumann, C. A. Paulsonand J. Wagner
School of Oceanography
Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR 97331 AccessionF
M~IS C1.'~~~r D?' .
112
DATA REPORT --
4 . L .d/oI"
Office of Naval ResearchContract NOO014-76-C-0067
and N00014-79-C-0067Project NR 083-102
Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
Data Report 80 G. Ross HeathReference 80-14 DeanJuly 1980I ______________
,' .... -' O. L. .- ,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The design and construction of the thermistor chain were carried out
by the Technical Planning and Development Group at Oregon State University
under the direction of Rod Mesecar. We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation
of the officers, crew and scientists aboard the R/V ATLANTIS II, David F.
Casiles, commanding and Melbourne G. Briscoe, Chief Scientist. This research
was supported by the Office of Naval Research through contracts N00014-76-C-0067
and N00014-79-C-0004 under project NR 083-102.
i:I
7 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --------------------------------------------- i
INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------I
INSTRUMENTATION --------------------------------------------- 1
OBSERVATIONS ------------------------------------------------ 2
ANALYSIS ---------------------------------------------- 6
REFERENCES -------------------------------------------------- 8
TOW TRACKS -------------------------------------------------- 9
TEMPERATURE CROSS-SECTIONS -------------------------------- 23
ISOTHERM CROSS-SECTIONS ------------------------------------ 82
SPECTRA OF HIGHEST AND LOWEST ISOTHERMS ----------------- 141
APPENDIX A. Configuration of the Chain Under Tow --------- 192
4
It
INTRODUCTION
This report presents measurements of temperature in the upper ocean
obtained by use of a towed thermistor chain. The measurements were taken
as part of the Joint Air-Sea Interaction (JASIN) Experiment conducted
during the summer of 1978. A summary of the scientific and operational
plans for JASIN has been given by Pollard (1978). More detailed accounts
are given in documents published by the Royal Society (1977, 1978).
INSTRUMENTATION
The thermistor chain consisted of sensors, electrical conductors,
plastic fairing, a strain member and a 450 kg lead-filled depressor. The
thermistors were manufactured by Thermometrics (Model P-85). They were
molded into sections of fairing together with bridge/amplifiers. Power
and signals were transmitted by electrical conductors running through the
tail sections of the fairing. The thermistors were spaced at intervals of
,4 2 m over a section of chain 50 m in length. Four pressure sensors were
also installed on the chain at 15 m intervals. The pressure sensors were
manufactured by Kulite and were installed in tail sections together with
bridge/amplifiers in a fashion similar to the thermistor electronics.
Signals from the sensors were recorded, processed and displayed by use of
a minicomputer system manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (PDP
11/05). A more complete description of the thermistor chain system is given
by Spoering and Paulson (1980).
1
!".
2
OBSERVATIONS
The thermistor chain was towed by the R/V ATLANTIS II in an area about
400 km northwest of Scotland. The locations of the tows are tabulated and
plotted in the section entitled Tow Tracks. A summary of the tow parameters
is given in Table 1. The first digit of the run number designates the
number of the deployment of the chain. With the exception of the first
deployment, the chain was always towed counterclockwise around a square.
The letter following the deployment number designates the side of the square,
i.e. N indicates a tow leg toward the west on the north side of the box.
The digits following the dash in the run number designates the leg, one leg
per side of the square except for the first deployment. The first deployment
was separated into three legs. The middle leg contained a front which sep-
arated regions of nearly constant thermal properties. The square around which
tows were made was usually 15 km on a side surrounding the Fixed Intensive
Array. However, on two occasions tows were conducted in cooperation with
other ships. The first occasion was around a five-km square containing
the drifting buoy Pl and the second occasion was around a five-km square
containing the mooring H2. The instrumented section of the chain extended
from about 20 to 70 m depth in all tows except the last which was 10 m
shallower. The tow speed was usually about 3 m/s. The tow speeds tabulated
in Table 1 were determined from LORAN C and satellite navigational fixes.-,
LII
I I II I I I " III "-U" III I 1 I
3
TABLE 1. Thermistor chain tows during JASIN-78.
Start Tow Durationtime speed Time Distance
Run Date (MT) (m/s) (mi) (km)
1-1 24-AUG-78 1611 3.36 128.0 25.81-2 1819 3.07 64.0 11.31-3 1923 3.19 128.0 24.5
2W-I 25-AUG-78 1213 2.95 75.0 13.32S-2 1331 2.93 72.5 12.72E-3 1446 2.88 91.0 15.72N-4 1620 3.41 73.0 14.92W-5 1738 2.99 72.5 13.02S-6 1853 3.07 80.0 14.72E-7 2016 2.74 85.0 14.02N-8 2145 3.01 70.0 12.6
3N-1 27-AUG-78 1215 2.97 73.0 13.03W-2 1332 2.89 85.0 14.73S-3 1459 2.97 77.5 13.83E-4 1620 2.93 77.5 13.63N-5 1742 3.21 77.0 14.83W-6 1902 3.22 67.5 13.03S-7 2012 3.02 78.5 14.23E-8 2133 3.10 72.5 13.5
I f
.... . - - .4
4
Start Tow Durationtime speed Time Distance
Run Date (GMT) ( mis) M) (km)
4N-1 29-AUG-78 1209 2.04 37.5 6.84W-2 1249 2.92 28.5 5.04S-3 1320 2.91 26.5 4.64E-4 1349 3.02 27.5 5.0Computer failure 1433 ---- 72.0 ---4E-5 1545 3.09 23.5 4.44N-6 1611 2.93 25.5 4.54W-7 1639 2.86 27.5 4.74S-8 1709 2.64 28.5 4.54E-9 1740 3.00 25.5 4.64N-10 1807 2.76 27.5 4.64W-il 1837 2.90 27.5 4.84S-12 1907 2.77 27.5 4.64E-13 1937 2.70 27.5 4.54,1-14 2007 2.86 27.5 4.74W-15 2037 2.85 29.5 5.04S-16 2109 2.84 27.5 4.74E-17 2139 2.66 23.5 3.84N-18 2210 2.91 30.5 5.34W-19 2243 3.00 26.5 4.84S-20 " 2312 2.91 27.5 4.84E-21 " 2342 2.70 27.5 4.54N-22 30-AUG-78 0012 2.78 29.5 4.94W-23 0044 2.79 27.5 4.64S-24 0114 2.85 27.5 4.74E-25 0144 2.73 27.5 4.54N-26 0214 2.78 28.5 4.84W-27 0245 2.70 27.5 4.54S-28 0315 2.83 27.5 4.74E-29 0345 2.78 29.5 4.94N-30 0417 2.61 27.5 4.3
5N-i 31-AUG-78 1153 3.02 72.0 13.05W-2 " 1308 3.16 69.5 13.25S-3 1419 3.19 78.5 15.05E-4 1540 2.89 86.0 14.95N-5 1710 3.03 90.0 16.45W-6 1843 3.04 72.5 13.25S-7 1958 2.86 85.5 14.75E-8 2126 2.97 84.5 15.1
t
-. , ,I
5
Start Tow Duration
time speed Time DistanceRun Date (GMT) (m/s) (mm) (km)
6W-I 2-SEP-78 1139 2.73 28.5 4.7
6S-2 1212 2.50 32.5 4.96E-3 1247 2.74 27.5 4.5
6N-4 1317 2.53 29.5 4.5
6W-5 1349 2.39 28.5 4.16S-6 1420 2.96 27.5 4.9
6E-7 1451 2.52 24.5 3.7
6N-8 1518 2.46 32.5 4.8
6W-9 1553 2.74 27.5 4.5
6S-10 1624 2.69 25.5 4.1
6E-11 1653 2.66 26.5 4.2
6N-12 1722 2.40 36.5 5.3
6W-13 1801 2.87 27.0 4.6
6S-14 1832 2.86 26.0 4.5
6E-15 1901 2.46 31.5 4.6
6N-16 1935 2.51 34.5 5.2
6W-17 2012 2.84 23.5 4.0
6S-18 2038 2.71 27.5 4.5
6E-19 2109 2.31 31.5 4.4
6N-20 2143 2.68 30.5 4.9
6W-21 2217 2.57 20.5 3.2
6S-22 2240 2.45 33.5 4.9
6E-23 2316 2.38 31.5 4.5
6N-24 2356 2.98 20.0 3.6
6W-25 3-SEP-78 0019 2.80 22.5 3.8
6S-26 0044 2.58 33.5 5.2
6E-27 0120 2.55 26.5 4.1
674-28 0148 2.59 28.5 4.4
6W-29 0218 2.52 29.5 4.5
6S-30 0250 2.71 30.5 5.0
6E-31 0324 2.84 21.5 3.7
6N-32 0348 2.69 29.5 4.8
6W-33 0421 2.60 31.5 4.9
6S-34 0455 2.80 28.5 4.8
6E-35 0526 2.58 28.5 4.4
7S-1 4-SEP-78 0803 3.23 64.0 12.4
7E-2 0910 3.03 74.5 13.5
7N-3 1027 2.86 93.5 16.0
7W-4 1203 3.27 68.5 13.4
7S-5 1314 2.93 85.0 14.9
7E-6 1443 2.85 81.0 13.9
7N-7 1607 3.29 70.5 13.9
7W-8 1719 2.74 81.0 13.3
- - -
6 1ANALYSIS
The temperature observations were low-pass filtered by computing
sequential 30 s averages. Filtering removes variations caused by surface
gravity waves and ship heave. The filtered observations are shown in the
section entitled Temperature Cross-Sections.
Isotherm depths were determined by linear interpolation between the
filtered temperature observations. The depths of isotherms in intervals
of 0.20 C are shown in the section entitled Isotherm Cross-Sections.
Spectra of the shallowest and deepest isotherm on each leg were
computed and are presented in the section entitled Spectra of Highest and
Lowest Isotherms.
Spectra of the depth of the thermistor chain at three locations on
the chain are shown in Figure 1. The spectra were computed from low-pass
filtered (30 s averages) measurements of pressure during Run 1-1. The
magnitude of vertical oscillations of the chain is usually greatest near
the bottom. The magnitude of the spectra can be compared with spectra of
isotherm depth shown in the section entitled Isotherm Cross-Sections. The
magnitude of the isotherm spectra are usually more than two orders of
magnitude greater than spectra of depth. We therefore conclude that variations
in depth of the chain have a negligible effect on spectra of isotherm depth
* determined from the low-pass filtered temperature measurements.
More details on analysis procedures can be found in Spoering and
A Paulson (1980).
.! !.
RUN 1-1 24--RUG-78PRESSURE SPECTPR
6
D EPHN M
17.2 x
29.0 l
xx
0X2 0i OE 0i IAi
-5 - -3 -2
CPM
Figure 1. Spectra of depth measured at threelocations on the towed thermistorchain during Run 1-1. The meandepths of the pressure sensors areindicated. The pressure recordswere low-pass (30 s averages)filtered prior to computing spectra.
8
REFERENCES
Batchelor, G. K., 1967: An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 615 pp.
Pollard, R. T., 1978: The Joint Air-Sea Interaction Experiment--JASIN 1978.
Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 59, 1310-1318.
Royal Society, 1978: Air-Sea Interaction Project, Operational Plans for
1978. London, 225 pp.
Royal Society, 1977: Air-Sea Interaction Project, Scientific Plans for
1977 and 1978. London, 208 pp.
Sokolnikoff, J. S. and R. M. Redheffer, 1958: Mathematics of Physics and
Modern Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 810 pp.
Spoering, T. J. and C. A. Paulson, 1980: Towed observations of internal
waves in the upper ocean. (Submitted to J. Phys. Oceanog.).
I:
-. 4
9
TOW TRACKS
On the following pages there is a tabulation of positions during each
of the tows followed by plots, one for each run. The tabulated positions
are plotted (x) on the plots. The positions were determined by use of
LORAN C and navigational satellite. The local coordinates, x and y, are
in kilometers north and east, respectively, of a point at the center of
the Fixed Intensive Array (59°N, 12.5°W). The locations of moorings Bl,
B2, B3 and H2 are shown in several plots.
i
10
RUN I 24-RUG-78LATITUDE LONGITUDE LOCAL COORDINATES
TIME DEG MIN DEG MIN X y
1609 59 3. 80 12 26. 09 3. 75 7. 051635 59 3. 54 12 31. 76 -1. 69 6. 571655 59 3.37 12 35.48 -5. 25 6. 261701 59 3. 26 ±2 36. 84 -6. 55 6. 05
1727 59 3.04 12 42.42 -11. 90 5.641811 59 2. 74 12 51. 71 -20. 80 5. 091840 59 2. 67 12 58.21 -27. 02 4. 961904 59 2. 52 13 2. 87 -31. 49 4. 681934 59 2. 45 13 8.48 -36.86 4. 552006 59 2. 22 2 13 14. 56 --42. 69 4. 122041 59 1. 98 13 21.52 -49. 35 3. 682101 59 1. 88 ±3 25. 52 --53. 19 3. 492120 59 1.77 13 29.63 -57.12 3. 29
RUN 2 25-AUG-78LATITUDE LONGITUDE LOCAL COORDINATES
TIME DEG MIN DEG MIN X Y
1203 59 4. 09 12 40.60 -10.15 7.591221 59 2. 48 12 40. 25 --9. 82 4. 601304 58 58. 32 12 39. 54 -9. 14 -3. 121331 58 55. 75 12 38. 80 -8. 43 -7. 891447 58 55.60 12 24.68 5.10 -8.171520 58 58. 68 12 24.80 4. 98 -2. 451547 59 1. 20 12 25.11 4. 68 2. 231620 59 4. 26 12 25. 53 4. 28 7. 911652 59 3. 58 12 32. 08 -1. 99 6. 651731 59 3.46 12 40.05 -9.63 6.421733 59 3. 46 12 41. 05 -10.59 6.42
.4 1741 59 2.89 12 41.19 -10. 72 5.371755 59 1.36 12 41.21 -10. 74 2. 531815 58 59. 50 12 40. 72 -10. 27 -0. 931853 58 55. 75 12 40.28 -9.85 -7. 892016 58 56.44 12 24. 38 5.38 -6.612118 59 1.82 12 24.26 5. 50 3.382145 59 4.31 12 24.81 4. 97 8.002255 59 4. 79 12 37. 99 -7. 65 8. 89
V'
...7 - .i 4{" ..% . ..
11
RUN 3 27 -AUG--8LATITUDE LONGITUDE LOCAL COORDINATES
TIME DEG H. I N DEG 1M NX Y
1209 59 3. 97 12 22. 69 ;7 00 7 371254 59 4. 01 12 31 33 -- 1 27 7. 451317 59 4. 00 12 35 60 -5. 36 7 4"31332 59 3 91 12 38. 14 -1. 80 7 26
140-4 59 1. 05 12 37 80 -7. 47 1 951434 58 58 1 1 2 .?7 44 -7 13 -3 511459 58 55,82 12 3680 -6 51 -7761520 58 55. 96 12 32 8"2 -2. 70 --7 5 01549 58 56. 01 12 15 2 73 -7 411620 58 56 38 12 21. 75 7 90 -6. 721651 58 59 38 12 22 10 7 57 -1. 151743 59 4. 22 12 ,-" 3 . 77 7 :"
1837 5'9 48 12 49 - 34 6 461900 59 3 1i 12 3 30 -795 5 911910 59 2. 20 12 3 - 3 4 0.31934 58 59 57 12 3.. 90 -7 5 -- 0 802009 58 56 01 12 53 -7 21 7412011 58 55. 81 12 -6 96 7 7820- 58 55 74 12 33 54 -;9 -- 7912059 58 55 74 12 28 s1 A 02 -7 1. .. .. ~ --),-2133 58 55. 79 12 21.65 8 00 -7 322218 59 0, 16 12 21. 61 80 4 0 302252 59 3. 69 12 21, 89 7.77 6 85
'.I,f!
l r
12
RUN 4 29, 30--RUG-78LATITUDE LONGITUDE LOCAL COORDINATES
TIME DEG MIN DEG ri1N X Y
1126 58 53s 91 12 20 44 9 16 -11. 311142 58 53 88 12 17 20 12.26 --11 361148 58 54. 26 12 16 91 12 54 -10. 661210 58 56 08 12 17 42 12. 05 -7. 281246 58 55. 86 12 24 27 5 49 --7. 691250 58 55 75 12 24 52 5 25 -7.891318 58 52 84 12 24. 30 5 46 -13. 291330 58 52 72 12 2 2. 14 7 53 -13. 521348 58 52 82 12 18 83 10 70 -13 331404 58 54 29 12 18 98 10. 56 -10 601417 58 55 65 12 19 10 10 44 --8.081545 58 51 02 12 19. 49 10 07 -12. 961609 58 55 42 12 19 60 9 96 -8 501637 58 5563 12 24. 72 50 6 --8 111653 58 54 16 12 24. 95 4. 84 -10. 841706 58 52 95 12 24 83 4 95 -13:091735 58 52 89 12 20. 00 9 58 -13 201740 58 5 04 12 1927 10 28 -12 921754 58 54 41 12 19. 44 10 12 --10. 381803 58 55,31 12 19. 50 10. 06 -8. 711807 58 55. 65 12 19. 53 10. 03 -3. 081835 58 55.85 12 24 36 5 40 -7. 711904 58 53. 13 12 24. 40 5. 36 -12. 751934 58 53 10 12 19. 20 10. 35 -12. 812004 58 55 71 12 18 95 10 59 -7 96204 58 55 89 12 24. 31 5.45 -7 632106 58 52 94 12 24. 13 5. t2 -13. 112136 58 52 77 12 18 81 10. 72 -13 42207 58 55 41 12 18 05 11. 45 -8 522240 58 55 42 12 2407 5.68 -8.50
2309 58 52 61 12 24.07 5.68 -13. 722339 58 52 40 12 i8 61 10 91 -14. 11
2409 58 55 01 12 18 23 11.28 -9.262441 58 55 21 12 23. 78 5. 96 -8. 892511 58 52 51 12 24 17 5. 58 -13.912541 58 52 22 12 18 85 10 68 -14.442611 58 54 86 12 18.42 11 09 -9 542642 58 55 18 12 23 78 5. 96 -8. 952712 58 52. 57 12 24. 18 5.65 -13 792742 58 52. 49 12 18. 78 1. 75 -13. 942814 58 55.36 12 18.47 11.05 -8.61
,2844 58 55. 63 12 23. 34 6. 38 -8. 11
p, , .
....................................
'- - -... . .. .. ... - ------- .-~ .... .- -¢-~ ..... .-- "' .. - 4':;
13
RUN 5 31--AUG--78LATITUDE LONGITLIDE LOCAL COORDINATES
T I ME DEG t I N DEG MIN Y
1152 59 3. 79 12 23. 91 5.83 3 7 041223 59 3. 54 12 29. 68 0. 31 6. 57±308 59 3. 05 12 38. 19 -7. 85 5. 66
-) -7 8-- .1419 58 55. 81 12 -728 --
1537 58 55. 67 12 22 0:1 7. 65 -8. 041709 59 4. 23 12 20. 82 8. 79 7 851841 59 3. 41 12 38. 19 -7. 85 6. 331956 58 55. 96 12 .37 72 -7. 40 -7. 502124 58 55. 58 12 2 1. 96 "7. 70 -8. 212254 59 4. 21 12 21. 69 7 96 7. 82
Pi
4
I I
1'It
" !I
- - l~%.~t~z;~k.~,,,qrah
14
RUN 6 2, 3-SEP-78
LATITUDE LONGITUDE LOCAL CoORDINATES
T I ME DEG MW I DEG MIN X y
1121 59 26. 90 12 28. 08 1. 84 49. 94
1138 59 26. 90 12 31. 56 -1. 49 49 94
1147 59 26.19 12 31.62 -1.55 48 62
1208 59 24.25 12 31.62 --1. 55 45 02
1244 59 24.06 12 26 00 3. 83 44 67
1314 59 26. 72 12 25. 93 90 49 61
1346 59 27 01 12 30.-y - , -0. 9 31 50. 15
1421 59 24. 31 12 30. 96 0 92 45 13
1447 59 24. 46 12 26. 14 :3. 70 45 41
1515 59 26.72 12 25.62 4. 20 49 61
1550 59 27. 05 12 30. 97 0 9 50 22
1620 59 24. 39 12 31. 04 -1. 00 45 28
1649 59 2439 12 26.16 .6e 4523
1720 59 27. 00 12 25. 16 4 :4 50 13
1759 59 27. 01 12 31. 02 -0 98 50.151831 59 24 04 12 31. 02 -0 98 44 631900 59 24 20 12 25. 83 3. 99 44. 93
1933 59 26 81 12 25. 38 4. 43 49 78
2010 59 26. 6 12 31. 18 -1. 13 49 50
2036 59 24. 27 12 31.17 -1 12 45.06
2106 59 23. 94 12 26. 12 3. 72 44. 45
2141 59 26. 54 12 25. 60 4 22 49. 27
2213 59 26. 36 12 30 95 -0. 91 48. 94
2237 59 24.39 12 31 51 -1.45 45283-1- 59 23.97 12 -6 05 3 78 44 50
2347 59 26. 58 12 25 92 391 4935
2417 59 26.59 12 31. 51 -1 45 49 37
2442 59 24. 33 12 31 73 -1 66 45. 17
2518 59 24. 33 12 25. 92 3.91 45. 17
2547 59 26. 72 12 26. 15 3. 6 49. 61
2617 59 26. 90 12 31 00 --0. 96 49 94
2650 59 24. 22 12 31. 24 -1. 19 44. 97
2721 59 24. 46 12 26 00 3. 83 45.41
2746 59 26 75 12 25. 82 4 00 49 66
2818 59 27.13 12 31 17 -112 50 37
2853 59 24.19 12 31. 22 -1 17 44 91
2924 59 24.38 12 2579 4.03 45.26
2955 59 26 95 12 25.23 457 584
I °
, f
15
RUN 7 4-SEP-78LATITUDE LONGITUDE LOCAL COORDINATES
TIME DEG MIN DEG MI X '
754 58 5588 12 37.00 --6. 71 -7. 65907 58 56 49 12 22. 26 7. 41 -6. 52
1024 59 3, 99 12 20. 85 8. 77 7. 411200 59 3. 55 12 38.00 -7.66 G. 59211± 58 56 05 12 78.31 -7. 96 -7. 33
1439 58 56. 13 12 22.17 7.50 -7. 181604 59 3. 93 12 23. 20 6. 51 7. 30
1718 59 3 99 12 3,8.45 --8. 09 7. 411847 58 56 10 12 38.40 -8.05 -7. 24
i3,! 4
, 1
_ _.4:
I I l I | I I
16
59061
590-
13030' 130 12024'
TOW TRACK RUN I 24--RUG--78
17
IB
5906'-
590 82C
58054'
12042' 12030 ' 12018'
TOW TRRCK RUN 2 25-RUG-78
B,-! ,-. - --
I ' 9
18
5906' _
B3B/!
59 l 0 2
58054'
12042 ' 12030' 12018'
TOW TRRCK RUN 3 27-RUG-78
'4!
V.
19
58057' I I I
58054'-
lilt
58051'-
*120 27' 120 21' 0 12015'
TOW TRACK RUN L4 291 30-RUG-78
20
5906' ~
83
590 0 B2~
58054'F
12042' 12030' 12018'
TOW TRRCI( RUN 5 31-RUG-78 I
494
21
59028'
H2
59025'0
59022'
12033' 12029' 12024
TOW TRRCK RUN 6 213-SEP-78
all 4
22
5906' _
B1590 B2 0
58054'F
12042' 12030 ' 12018'
TOW TRRCK RUN 7 4-SEP-78
olI4 -!
" " ".i- m
23
TEMPERATURE CROSS-SECTIONS
On the following pages there are plots, one for each leg, of low-pass
filtered temperature as a function of time and distance along the leg. The
filtering was accomplished by computing sequential 30 s averages. The mean
depth of each sensor is given.
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ISOTHERM CROSS-SECTIONS
On the following pages there are plots of isotherms at 0.2°C intervals
which were obtained by linear interpolation between the low-pass filtered
temperature observations shown in the previous section. Isotherms which
were not at least 80' complete were not plotted. Isotherms which were
incomplete, but had no more than 20% of the record missing, were completed
by linear extrapolation from adjacent isotherms.
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SPECTRA OF HI GHEST AN.D LOWESI ISOTHERMS
Spect!ra of t he depth of the shal lowest and deepest isotherms froi!v each
1 -- are plot te. )n the fol lowing pages. The symbol x designates the
1( r q hrit-, tej ptera 1urt) and l des igna tes t he deepest
s o t he rir T he ie - se re e o o o v- pa ss f ilt',e red i sot herm depth were
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logarithmic scale.
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192
APPENDIX A
Configuration of the Chain under Tow
1 93
The purpose of this Appendix is to derive an expression for the shape
of the chain under tow. The derived shape serves as the basis for inter-
polating the depths of the sensors between pressure measurements and for
smoathing variations in the pressure records caused by errors in the
measurements.
We simplify the problem by considering the equilibrium case in which
accelerations are neglected and the shape is independent of time. The
problem then becomes similar to the problem of the "hanging chain", treat-
ments of which are given in many textbooks (e.g., Sokolnikoff and Redheffer,
1958, pp. 40-42).
A schematic diagram of the chain under tow is shown in Figure Al . The
x-z coordinate system has its origin at the bottom of the chain in the
center of the dead-weight depressor (bomb). The forces acting on the chain
at x = z = 0 are GB, the gravitational force on the bomb; DB, the drag force
on the bomb; T (s = 0), the upward tension in the chain, where s is the
distance along the chain from x = z = 0. The forces acting on an element
of the chain, 6s, at an arbitrary point s on the chain are: W(s)6s, the
gravitational force, where W(s) has dimensions of force per unit length;
D(s)6s, the drag force, where D(s) also has dimensions of force per unit
length; T(s + 6s/2) the upward tensile force; and T(s - 6s/2), the downward
tensile force. The bujoyancy forces are incorporated into the gravitational
forces, GB and W. The tensile force may be decomposed into vertical and
horizontal components as shown where e(s) is the angle between the chain
and the horizontal.
If the chain is in equilibrium, we may, as shown in Figure Al, separately
equate the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the chain at any point
along the chain:
fOii ,
1 94
T~) T~s) sin e(s)
DB+f D(s)ds 9s0 T(s) cose (s)
4S
/ m, GB+ W (s) ds/0
GB
if
Figure Al. Schematic diagram illustrating theforces acting on the towed thermistorchain.Ib
I-
195
S
DB + D(s) ds = T(s) cos e(s)0 (Al)
SGB + f W(s) ds = T(s) sin e(s)
1B0
We now assume that D(s) and W(s) are independent of s. This is essentially
true for W(s) and is approximately true for D(s) providing e(s) does not
differ too far from 900. The equations (Al) are then integrated to obtain:
D + sD = T(s) cos e(s) (A2)
GB + sW = T(s) sin e(s) (A3)
T(s) can be eliminated from (A2) to obtain:
•G B + sW
tan e(s) = GB + sWD + SD
It is now possible to solve for e(s), x(s) and z(s). e(s) is obtained
directly from (A3) and x(s) and z(s) are given by:
sx(s) = f cos e(s') ds'
0(A4)
s
z(s) = f sin e(s')ds'* 0
Consider first the expression for z(s). Substituting from (A3) into (A4)
yields:
Z f s (GB + s'W)ds'
s 0 [(G + s'W) 2 + (DB + s'D) 2
4which can be rewritten,S f s (GB + s'W)ds'z(s) = ( 2 (A5)
0 (a + bs' + cs' )
JA
196
where a GB
2 + D2
b 7 2GBW + 2 DBD
C _W2 + D2
Integrating (A5) yields:
G8 bW -1 2cs + bz(s) = (- - 2c 3 / 2 [sinh (d
- sinh- (-)] (a7)
+- [(A + bs + cs) - /a]c
where
d = 4ac - b2
An expression for x(s) can be obtained by a procedure similar to that
used to obtain (A). From (A3) and (A4) we obtain
s (DS + s'D)ds'x(s) = f 2 (A8)
0 (a = b s' + cs' )
where a, b and c have the definitions given in (A6). If one replaces GB
'' and W in (A5) with DB and D respectively, the equation becomes identical
to (A). The integration of (A8) therefore yields an expression of the
same form as (A7) with GB and W replaced by DB and 0:B DB
x(s) (- - 2c312) [sinh 2cs + b)
sinh (--)] (A9)Vd
+ [(a + bs + cs2) - Vjq i,, C
197
The drag forces, D and D, are assumed to be proportional to pU2
where p is the density of the water and U is the tow velocity:
D0 = CB AB PU
(AlO)
2D = C A pU
where CB and C are the drag coefficients for the depressor and the faired
chain, respectively. AB and A are the corresponding cross-sectional areas
where A has dimensions of area per unit length.
The drag coefficient for the depressor was assumed equal to one. This
value can be compared with the value for a circular disk equal 0.55 in the
range of Reynolds numbers likely to be encountered (Batchelor, 1967, p. 341). 1A larger value was assumed for the depressor because, although it is stream-
lined, it has protruding fins, cable attachments and handling rings and may
at times present a larger cross-sectional area to the flow than assumed. It
turns out that the shape of the chain is not critically dependent on the
assumed value of CB. If one decreases CB by 50% at a tow speed of 3 m/s, the
computed change in depth 95 m below the surface is only 0.3 m. The Reynolds
5number for the bomb at a tow speed of 3 m/s is 6.7xi0
The drag coefficient for the faired chain was taken equal to 0.13 as
suggested by the manufacturer. For comparison, bluff bodies have drag
coefficients about equal 0.5. The value C = 0.13 yielded chain shapes in
good agreement with the pressure measurements on the chain. The uncertainties
, Iof the calculated depths of the thermistors are estimated not to exceed
± 1 m. The Reynolds number for the fairing is 6xlO 4 at a tow speed of 3 m/s.* 4
* T Chain shapes calculated by use of (A7) and (A9) are shown in Figure
A2. For a given tow speed, the shape depends only the the distance along
the chain from the depressor. The parameters used to obtain the curves shown
p/
198
100 -2
80 -
70
60
60
30
20
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
X(M)
Figure A?. The shape of a towed thermistor chain, 100 m in length,for tow speeds ranging from I to 6 m/s. The drag forceon the chain is assumed proportional to s, the distancealong the chain.
U.!,
199
in Figure A2 were:
GB = 4,120 Newtons
W = 7 Newtons/m
CBABP = 12.3 Newtons/m s
3 -2CAp = 2.6 Newtons/ s
The above parameters are the best estimates for the chain.
An additional model for the shape of the chain was developed to compare
two different assumptions for the drag force on the chain. In the previous
development we assumed the drag, D, proportional to s, the distance along
the chain from the depressor. Alternatively, we assume that D is proportional
to z, the vertical space coordinate. The equation corresponding to (A3) is:
dz = tan e(s) - B + sW (A2)
T+ zD
To ease the integration of (A12) we assume that W is negligible, from which
follows:
x = (DB + D z) B (A13)
We may also derive s(z) as follows:
dz sin O(s)ds
V f sin- 0s) dz'"i 0
z [GB2 + (DB + Dz')2s = f B G Bd z
0B
zg ,S F (e + fz' +gz' ) dz'
J where
4 -.
200
D B2 2DBD D2e 1l+- f 2' g -
GB2 GB GB
integrating we obtain:
S (29z + f) _vr - fsie4g
+ 1 [sinh-I (2)z+f- sinh-l(-)]2 ,vg V- %q
where
Z = e + fz + gz2
q = 4 eg - f
q
The two models are compared in Figures A3 and A4. In Figure A3 the shape
of the chain given by the second model (D '- Z) is plotted for various tow
speeds. In Figure A4 the shape of the chain given by the first model (D - s)
is plotted for the same tow speeds. The parameters used in constructing the
cruves shown in Figures A3 and A4 are identical to those used in generating
the curves shown in Figure A2 except that W, the gravitational minus buoyancy
force, is assumed zero in Figures A3 and A4. The difference between the two
models for a tow speed of 3 m/s amounts to only 0.3 m difference in z at
s = 70 m. We therefore conclude that the calculated shape of the chain is
not critically dependent on the model for the tow speeds employed in JASIN.
For faster +ow speeds the differences may become significant. For example,
I
-- .4.7- ---- .. .
'00 201100
90 2 3
80~5
70
60
60
30
4 20
10
1 0 10 20 30 4 0 50 60 70
X(M)
Figure A3. The shape of a towed thermistor chain, 100 m in length,
for tow speeds ranging from 1 to 6 m/s. The chain isassumed to be weightless in water and the drag force isassumed proportional to z.
,<A
202100 202
2 3
90
80 4
70 5
60
60
30
, 20
20,',4 10
0 10 20 30 0 so 60 70
X(M)
Figure A4. The shape of a towed thermistor chain, 100 m in length,
for tow speeds ranging from 1 to 6 m/s. The chain is
aEumed to be weightless in water and the drag force is
assumed proportional to s, the distance along the chain.
. I I
Recommended