3.1-3.2 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

3.1-3.2INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Organic Chem and Macromolecules

Organic Chem and Functional Groups

Got Phenylalaninedehydroxylase?

Phenylaline is a toxic amino acid

Phenylalaninedehydroxylase breaks it down

•Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon– A carbon atom can form four covalent bonds

• Allowing it to build large and diverse organic compounds

Structuralformula

Methane

H H

H

H H H

H

H

Ball-and-stickmodel

Space-fillingmodel

CC

The 4 single bonds of carbon point to the corners of a tetrahedron.

Figure 3.1A

Fig. 4-3

NameMolecular Formula

Structural Formula

Ball-and-StickModel

Space-FillingModel

(a) Methane

(b) Ethane

(c) Ethene (ethylene)

Carbon Configuration

• Chain

• Branched chain

• Ring Structure

Carbon skeletons vary in length.PropaneEthane

Length.

Skeletons may be unbranched or branched.

Butane Isobutane

Branching.

Double bonds.

2-Butene

Skeletons may have double bonds,which can vary in location.

1-Butene

Cyclohexane Benzene

Skeletons may be arranged in rings.Rings.

Isomers

• Isomers – same chemical formula, but different chemical arrangement

• 3 different types of isomers

Structural isomer-differ in arrangement of covalent bonds

Geometric isomer-differ in spatial arrangement

Enantiomer isomer- “mirror image”

4 macromolecules

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Functional Groups!

• These are like name tags for large macromolecule groups

Glucose

Hydroxyl

• Hydroxyl –OH (sometimes referred to as alcohol.)

• Found in alcohol compounds

• Example: Ethanol

Carbonyl

• Keto =CO

• Aldehyde -CHO

Carboxyl

• Carboxyl -COOH found in acids

Amino

• Amino -NH2 found in amino acids

phenylalanine

Methyl

• Methyl –CH3

Phosphate

• Phosphate - PO4

• Unstable due to electronegativity

• Found in ATP, DNA, RNA

Functional Groups make recognizing macromolecules easier

Estradiol

Male lionTestosterone

Female lion