© 2016 The New York Times Many What-Ifs ‘Brexit’ Vote ... · PDF...

C M Y K Yxxx,2016-06-19,A,001,Bs-4C,E2

VOL. CLXV . . . No. 57,268 © 2016 The New York Times SUNDAY, JUNE 19, 2016

FALLUJA, Iraq — In the daysleading up to the storming of Fal-luja by Iraqi forces, Brig. Gen.Hadi Razaij, the leading Sunni po-lice commander in the campaign,sat on a cot in an abandoned housenear the front line. He describedthe resistance that lay ahead: adetermined force of hundreds ofjihadists that had months to pre-pare.

General Razaij’s presence onthe battlefield shows that localSunnis, and not just the Shiiteforces that now dominate Iraqipolitics, are fighting to liberatetheir own communities, and hashelped tamp down fears that thebattle for Falluja would heightensectarian tensions.

He was dispassionate as he de-scribed the challenges, but for himthe fight was personal, too. Gen-eral Razaij’s brother stands ac-cused of being a member of the Is-lamic State and is in a prison cellafter being arrested at a check-point with a car full of explosives.

In northern Iraq, Nofal Ham-madi, the governor-in-exile of Mo-

sul, is working with the UnitedStates to plan for that city’s libera-tion from the Islamic State. He,too, has family in the fight: Mr.Hammadi’s brother is an IslamicState official, having appeared in avideo pledging his allegiance tothe terror group and disowninghis brother.

Even as the central question ofIraq remains unanswered —whether the country’s Sunni mi-nority and Shiite majority canever peacefully coexist in a uni-fied state — the experiences ofGeneral Razaij, Mr. Hammadi andothers add a troubling corollary:It is not clear that Iraq’s dividedSunnis will ever be able to findpeace among themselves after aconflict that in many ways is play-ing out as a war within families.

After all, when Iraqi Sunnis talkabout fighting the Islamic State, itis not a discussion of someshadowy and unknowable force. Itis about sons and brothers,nephews and neighbors.

“Today we don’t necessarily

Iraqi Brother but ISIS Enemy:War Fractures Families and Sect

By TIM ARANGO and FALIH HASSAN

Continued on Page 10

ROME — Among the well-heeled bureaucrats of the Euro-pean Union, it is an article of faiththat the bloc always emergesstronger from a crisis. The idealis-tic founders who six decades agodreamed of stitching warring na-tions into a peaceful whole knewthe path would be bumpy. But al-ways, the union wobbled forward.

Now the dream of an integratedand ever-stronger Europe couldsink into the English Channel onThursday, when British voters de-cide whether to abandon the bloc.To the pro-Europe establishment,this latest crisis is considered apeculiarly British affair, in whichthe villains are opportunistic poli-ticians steering voters toward adelusional, self-inflicted mistake.

That may be. But if Britain doesleave, the European Union canalso blame its own handling of thecrises of the past decade — thetribulations of the euro, the debtstandoff with Greece and a flawedapproach to migration. Each time,the bloc rammed through ugly,short-term fixes that only in-flamed the angry nationalism nowspreading across the Continentand Britain.

The result was almost a decadeof ad hoc crisis management thateven many admirers agree hasleft the European Union badlywounded and its reputation badlydamaged. Idealism has given wayto disillusionment. The bloc’s elitetechnocrats are often perceivedas out of touch, while European in-stitutions are not fully equipped toaddress problems like unemploy-ment and economic stagnation.Political solidarity is dissolvinginto regional divisions of east andwest, north and south.

The economic implications of aBritish exit, the so-called Brexit,are potentially staggering, butmany experts agree that regard-less of how the British vote, poli-tics across Europe must change.The structure of the euro currency

zone is still considered fragile.The bloc’s German-dominatedeconomic policy has meant nearlya decade lost in much of debt-rid-den southern Europe, which isstill struggling to recover from itseconomic crisis.

“We cannot continue with thestatus quo,” said Enrico Letta, aformer Italian prime minister.“We have to move forward.”

Politics in Europe, as in theUnited States, have gotten uglyand mean. Far-right, anti-immi-gration parties are gainingstrength in Poland, Hungary, Aus-tria, France and Germany. Thatsame nasty tenor has infused theBritish campaign with hostilityand xenophobia toward immi-grants. The killing on Thursday ofJo Cox, a member of Parliamentwho had campaigned for remain-ing in the union, shocked all ofBritain.

“It is not very easy being Eng-lish at the moment,” said SimonTilford, deputy director of the Cen-ter for European Reform in Lon-don. “Grim stuff.”

Mr. Tilford falls into an interest-ing camp: He has long been an

‘Brexit’ Vote Reflects How

Diversity Adds to E.U. Pain

AThreat From Britain Is the Latest Hit to the

Credibility of the European Project

By JIM YARDLEY

A Union Jack fluttering besideEuropean Union flags at un-ion headquarters in Brussels.

FRANCOIS LENOIR/REUTERS

Continued on Page 8

The archivist stumbled acrossthe file in a stack of boxes on thesecond floor of the SchomburgCenter for Research in Black Cul-ture in Harlem. The yellowing let-ters inside dated back more thanhalf a century, chronicling thedreams and struggles of a youngman in Kenya.

He was ambitious and impetu-ous, a 22-year-old clerk who couldtype 75 words a minute and trans-late English into Swahili. But hehad no money for college. So hepounded away on a typewriter inNairobi, pleading for financial aidfrom universities and foundations

across the Atlantic.His letters would help change

the course of American history.“It has been my long cherished

ambition to further my studies inAmerica,” he wrote in 1958. Hisname was Barack HusseinObama, and his dispatches helpedunleash a stream of scholarshipmoney that carried him from Ken-ya to the United States. There, hefathered the child who would be-come the nation’s first black presi-dent, only to vanish from his son’s

Words From Obama’s Father,

Waiting to Be Read by His Son

By RACHEL L. SWARNS

Continued on Page 15

Barack Obama Sr. in 1959 as aUniversity of Hawaii student;an appeal for financial aid.

HONOLULU STAR-ADVERTISER

In an address after the Orlandomassacre punctuated with direwarnings of impending violence,Donald J. Trump said he would“suspend immigration from areasof the world when there is a prov-en history of terrorism” againstthe United States or its allies. Mr.Trump promised fixes to the im-migration system that would be“tough” and “smart” and “fast.”

It sounded much like his pro-vocative proposal to keep Mus-lims from entering the country,but those listening closely noticedan important change. By propos-ing to bar people from certain re-gions rather than religions, Mr.Trump had avoided the sticky is-sue of testing someone’s faith.

Mr. Trump’s plan, lawyers andlegal scholars agree, is one thatthe president has the power tocarry out.

But they said that putting it inplace would take an ambitious bu-reaucratic effort not likely tomove nearly as quickly as the can-didate envisions. And it wouldmake sweeping use of executiveauthority to enact the sharpest re-strictions on immigration since1965, when the United Statesabandoned longstanding quotasdesigned to exclude people frommuch of Asia and from southernand Eastern Europe.

“Executive authority over im-migration is very broad,” said BoCooper, a lawyer who served asgeneral counsel to the federal im-migration agency from 1999 to2003. But Mr. Trump’s proposal,he said, “goes far beyond what’sbeen done with that authority inthe past. The leap in scale is or-ders of magnitude.”

The presumptive Republicannominee did not name whichcountries would be covered by hisban, but they could include vastsections of the Middle East, north-ern and sub-Saharan Africa andAsia. Islamic terrorists have oper-ated in at least 17 nations in recentyears, and citizens of those coun-tries received more than 1.4 mil-lion visas to come to the UnitedStates in 2014, including greencards for immigrants settling herepermanently and temporary visasfor workers, students and visitors.

By Mr. Trump’s definition, a ban

Many What-IfsIn Trump Plan

For Migrants

Broad Ban Would Be

Slow and Complex

By JULIA PRESTON

Continued on Page 16

LIVES REMEMBERED, PROFILES, PAGE 19

A memorial outside Orlando Regional Medical Center for the 49 people killed when Omar Ma-teen, a 29-year-old American who pledged allegiance to the Islamic State, attacked a nightclub.

SCOTT MCINTYRE FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

ORLANDO, Fla. — The brotherof the bride arrived late for her re-ception. But soon enough he wasmingling at the lakeside pavilionin West Palm Beach, where a di-verse gathering of guests dined onchicken tikka masala and goatbiryani while admiring the view ofthe Intracoastal Waterway just

beyond the floor-to-ceiling win-dows.

Then came the moment to joinin a traditional Afghan dancecalled the attan, in which dancersform a circle and are led through aseries of synchronized turns andmoves. If well executed, the attancan create an almost trancelikesense of oneness.

But here was the bride’s brother— stocky, bespectacled Omar Ma-teen — dancing in the group and

yet dancing apart. Clumsy, out ofsync, his head mostly down, theman dressed in black was follow-ing his own rhythm.

Four months after this celebra-tion of life in February, the awk-ward man in black caused whole-sale death. Chuckling and declar-ing allegiance to the Islamic State,he opened fire at a gay and Latinonightclub here, leaving 49 peopledead and wounding 53 others be-

From Troubled Child to Aggrieved KillerThis article is by Dan Barry, Serge

F. Kovaleski, Alan Blinder and Mu-jib Mashal.

Continued on Page 18

Can a former bond trader who grew upfollowing the N.F.L. persuade Ameri-cans to watch rugby?

THE MAGAZINE

The Ultimate Scrum

Maureen Dowd PAGE 11

SUNDAY REVIEW

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Employment prospects have dimmedand debt has ballooned for law schoolgraduates. And now, with a collapse inapplications, the schools are respondingwith steep cuts in faculty. PAGE 1

SUNDAY BUSINESS

The Law School Bust

One of Wall Street’s most elite names,Goldman Sachs, has opened a bankaimed at ordinary Americans. Theminimum deposit is $1. PAGE 1

$10 Million Not Required

Almost half the benches in Central Parkare more than just places for a personto sit. The plaques attached to manyshare memories with the world. PAGE 24

NEW YORK 24-25

4,223 Seats, 4,223 Stories

Phoenix, which has often been the buttof jokes because of its desert sprawl, isrebuilding the downtown district and,possibly, its image. PAGE 14

NATIONAL 14-21

In the Desert, a Tech Oasis

Many migrants from Myanmar andBangladesh who reached Indonesia,Malaysia and Thailand last year stilllanguish in refugee camps. PAGE 11

Limbo in Southeast Asia

The remote and raging Nu is the lastfree-flowing river in China. The govern-ment, environmentalists and energycompanies are engaged in a passionatedebate about its future. PAGE 6

INTERNATIONAL 4-11

China’s Last Wild RiverThe last and only time a Frenchmanwon a major golf tournament was in1907. Grégory Bourdy has a chance atthis year’s United States Open. PAGE 1

SPORTSSUNDAY

Bucking a 109-Year Trend