2012 Global II Final Exam Study Guide. Imperialism

2012 Global II Final Exam

Study Guide

Imperialism

Which argument was used to support the U.S. acquisition of overseas possessions in the late 1800’s?

New markets for industrial products Raw Materials

What is one important conclusion that can be drawn about the media as a result of the U.S. experience in the Spanish American War?

The media has a powerful influence in the shaping of public opinion

The main reason the U.S. developed the Open Door Policy…

To ensure access to trade w/ China

Involvement in the Spanish American War, the acquisitions of Hawaii, and introduction of the Open Door Policy in China were actions taken by the U.S. Gov’t to…

To obtain new sources of raw materials & markets for industrial goods

What U.S. foregin policy was directly related to the rise of big business in the late 1800’s?

Imperialism

What connection was made between imperialism & the American frontier?

Imperialism would offer the U.S. a new frontier to pursue

William Randolph Hearst said, “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war.” What is this practice known as?

Yellow journalism

Alfred T. Mahan argued to protect its overseas trade interests & newly acquired territories the U.S. must build up its..

Navy

Why did American business leaders favor expansion?

It offered new markets and valuable resources

It solved the economic problem of overproduction

What was John Hay referring to when he spoke of a “Splendid Little War”?

The Spanish-American War It was short Not many casualties

The first action of the Spanish American War took place in….

Puerto Rico

What did the U.S. gain as a result of the peace treaty with Spain?

Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico

Which U.S. policy is most closely associated with the annexation of Hawaii and the Philippines?

Imperialism

The U.S. became an imperialist nation with interest in the Caribbean, Central American, the far East, and the South Pacific following what war?

Spanish American War

Who did many Americans blame the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine on?

Spain (Spaniards)

What best characterizes how countries like Cuba felt about being controlled by a foreign power like Spain?

Countries that are controlled by a foreign power typically resist or rebel b/c they want to control their own affairs

What was the leading cause of death in the Spanish-American War?

Jungle disease…especially yellow fever

How did Chinese nationalists react to the spheres of influence that were carving up China?

Staged the Boxer Rebellion Foreigners Chinese Christians

What allowed the U.S. to continue its intervention in Cuba after it had gained independence from Spain?

Platt Amendment

Why did the U.S. not grant independence to the Philippines after the Spanish had been defeated?

President McKinley believed the Filipinos were unfit to govern themselves

Anti-imperialists in the U.S. objected to…

The costs of expansion

To support their position, anti-imperialists argued…

Imperialism rejected the American ideal of “Liberty for all”

What does the phrase, “the Constitution must follow the flag” mean?

Constitutional rights given to US citizens should be given to people in any place the U.S. governs

What did the cruise of the Great White Fleet demonstrate to the rest of the world?

The U.S. had a newer and stronger navy…and were a force to be dealt with

What arguments did American imperialists use to show it would be a positive thing for the country?

Provide industry w/ new markets & materials

Provide naval bases Spreading the blessings of Western culture

to “backwards people”

The De Lome letter had what effect on U.S.- Spanish relations?

It made them much worse!

What was an immediate result of Matthew Perry’s visit to Japan in 1853?

The opening of trade b/t Japan and the West

How were the results of the Opium Wars & Matthew Perry’s visit to Japan similar?

They both opened Asian trade to Western countries

What did “open door policy” mean?

All nations were equally free to trade in China

What was the goal of the Boxers in China?

Drive out, kill if necessary, all foreigners in China

The slogan of the ______ was “destroy the foreigner!”

Boxers Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists

Why were Western powers interested in China in the 19th century?

Rich in natural resources, but more importantly MILLIONS of new consumers! Oil Mineral resources – tin, coal, other metals

An increased need for raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods led various European nations to pursue the foreign policy of…

Imperialism

In the past, European nations have conquered other lands, made them into colonies, and controlled their economies. This statement describes a situation resulting from

The industrialization of European nation & the need for raw materials to fuel that industry

During the 18th & 19th centuries, increased contact b/t Europeans and the continents of Asia and Africa resulted in…

Exploitation of the land and people for its resources & their labor/role as a consumer

What connection can be made b/t industrial expansion & European imperialism?

Industrialization led to an increase in imperialist activity b/c those countried needed raw materials for production.

What were the only free states remaining in Africa by 1914?

Liberia & Ethiopia

The type of government where local rulers were allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status in a new colonial setting is called?

Indirect rule

What did the Berlin Conference establish?

European imperial powers carved up Africa amongst themselves to avoid war NO Africans were present!

If a colony was run by_______, local elites were removed from power and replaced with a new set of officials from the mother country.

Direct rule

What was the “gap” between theory and practice in colonial policy?

Westerners preached democracy, equality, and political freedom but did not apply these values in the colonies under their control

All of the following powers had colonies in West Africa by 1900:

Great Britain France Germany

After the opening of the Suez Canal in Egypt in 1869, Great Britain…

Took an active interest in Egypt Saw the Canal as their “lifeline to India”

After its defeat in Ethiopia in 1896, Italy…

Seized Tripoli

What is an example of the U.S. enforcing the Monroe Doctrine?

U.S. acted as arbitrator in a border dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela

What was the only independent nation remaining in SE Asia during the age of imperialism?

Thailand

Why was the Open Door Policy important to the United States?

It gave the U.S. access to millions of consumers in China

Moving West & Populism

Who owned much of the western land near prime transportation routes?

Railroad companies

Who sold land to western settlers (3)?

State governments Railroad companies Land speculators

What were the Exodusters trying to escape from?

Racial violence & oppression

What was a MAJOR incentive in the settling of the West?

Legal ownership of private property

What happened to many Native American nations as American settlers moved West?

Forced onto reservations Weakened Destroyed

Many white reformers believed Native American tribes should do what?

Be civilized and adopt white culture

Why did farmers favor inflation? The products they were selling would cost

more (increase crop prices)

Why did bankers support deflation?

The value of the money they were lending would increase

Why did William Jennings Bryan lose the election of 1896?

He could not win the support of the Eastern industrial workers

What items were included in the Populist platform?

Progressive income tax Unlimited minting of silver coins (free silver)

Increase the $$ supply causing inflation

Gov’t control of communication & transportation industries

What did the Morrill Land Grant Act & the Homestead Act have in common?

They provided ways for settlers to acquire Western lands

Why did Western farmers want “free silver”

It would cause inflation, which would increase crop prices

What did the Interstate Commerce Act accomplish?

Regulated railroad rates & practices Making rates proportional to distance traveled

Why did most Exodusters move to the American West?

To escape racial violence & oppression

Why did white settlers believe they had a greater right to Western lands than the Native American tribes who already inhabited the West?

American settlers would use the land more productively Mining, farming, ranching, building, etc.

What was a a major complaint of farmers in the late 1800’s?

High tariffs on manufactured goods

Farmers’ Alliances called for… Free silver – putting more money in

circulation

In the 1880’s, American Presidents most often protected the interests of…

Business & industry

Why would a country place a tariff on foreign products?

To protect its own industries from foreign competition

In terms of tariffs, farmers generally favored…

Lower!

Who delivered the “Cross of Gold” speech?

Populist candidate William Jennings Bryan

How did deflation effect farmers? Lowered the price on the crops they were

selling

The political organization that brought widespread attention to the plight of the farmer in the 1880s & 1890s was known as?

Populist, or People’s Party

Both the Interstate Commerce Act & the Sherman Anti Trust Act did what to big business?

Limited their power, or regulated them.

A main goal of the Grange movement of the 1870-80s was to

Force railroads to regulate rates, and by regulate they really mean lower.

The Populist movement was most interested in improving conditions for?

Farmers, westerners, miners

*Free and unlimited coinage of silver dollars*Government ownership of railroads*Graduated (progressive) income tax

Which political party proposed these reforms in its platform?

Populist Party, 1892

The Interstate Commerce Act was passed to…

Regulate railroad rates for shipping and eliminate special privileges for certain customers

Reforms pushed by the Populists included…

Government ownership of transportation systems

The Progressive Era of Reform

A main purpose of President T.R. trust busting policies was…

To maintain competition in business

Since 1913, the U.S. banking system, interest rates, and amount of money in circulation have been controlled by?

The Federal Reserve System

Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, & Robert LaFollette are all considered progressives because?

Worked to limit the power of big business

A major goal of reformers during the Progressive Era was to?

Reform/correct the abuses of big business

Initiative, referendum, recall, and direct primaries were all intended to…

Increase political participation by citizens

Which event of the early 1900’s is evidence that Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle had an important impact on the United States?

Passage of legislation requiring federal inspection of meat Pure Food & Drug Act Meat Inspection Act

Both the Sherman & Clayton Anti-Trust Acts were passed in an effort to?

To ensure fair competition in American business

Jane Addams and Lincoln Steffens were best known for attempting to help which group?

Urban poor (industrial working class)

In terms of government regulations, how did the Progressive movement have an impact on American life?

Increased gov’t regulation of business & involvement in citizens’ lives

How would you describe President Theodore Roosevelt’s views on conservation?

Wilderness areas and their natural resources should be protected for the public good & future generations

Reformers of the Progressive Era sought to reduce corruption in government by adopting a constitutional amendment that provided for?

17th amendment – Direct election of senators

Muckrakers contributed to the rise of Progressivism in the early years of the 2oth century by?

Exposed widespread corruption in American business & government

Which long awaited goal of the women’s rights movement was achieved during the Progressive Era?

The right to vote! 19th Amendment

What problem arising from U.S. industrialization did progressive reformers want the government to address?

The use of child labor

Why did progressive reformers want the federal gov’t to regulate business?

Restore/maintain competition in the marketplace by eliminating trusts & monopolies

Progressive reformers after 1900 sought federal legislation to regulate working conditions and to set a minimum age for child labor. The need for this legislation was prompted by…

Industrialists using child labor to keep production costs down & to keep factories running 24 hours a day

The progressive movement focused mainly on the problem of…

Urban residents The industrial working class

These statements about Progressivism is accurate…

It was a political response to industrialization

Differed from populism b/c it focused on urban residents rather than farmers

Progressives wanted to preserve capitalism

What did the tragedy at the Triangle Co. lead to?

Building codes requiring fire escapes you could actually get to, sprinklers, fire drills, etc.

Voters can dismiss an elected official through…

recall

Theodore Roosevelt tried to win the Republican nomination from Taft in the 1912 election b/c he believed Taft…

Had failed to live up to his Progressive ideals

Which candidate for president in 1912 advocated the most far reaching changes for American society?

Theodore Roosevelt – Bull Moose

What was a major factor in Woodrow Wilson winning the presidency in 1912?

The Republican vote was split b/t Taft and Roosevelt allowing Wilson to win.

Progressives in Congress, unlike Taft, favored what in regards to tariffs?

High tariffs

Why did Theodore Roosevelt form the Bull Moose party?

He failed to win the Republican nomination for president

To limit the power of monopolies, President Wilson helped secure the passage of

Clayton Anti Trust Act

How did the U.S. Constitution change as a result of the ratification of the 19th Amendment?

Women were given the right to vote

As a measure to prevent bank failures, President Wilson helped create…

Federal Reserve System – The Fed

What group of Americans did Progressive reforms neglect?

African Americans

The movement for more efficient government gave rise to reform mayors, city commissioners, and…

City managers

In the election of 1912, what was the nickname of the Progressive Party?

Bull Moose Party

One of the most important functions of the Federal Trade Commission was to?

Regulate businesses to ensure fair trade for all American companies

What is the job of the Fed? Control the money supply so the economy

runs smoothly

Which amendment allows the Federal Government to collect an income tax?

16th amendment

Genocide

How many people died in the 100 days of the Rwandan genocide?

Close to 1 million (800,000)

Who are the Armenians? The Christian minority living within the

Ottoman Empire

Who are the nazis? Political party in Germany, anti-Semitic

(hated Jews)

What did the Khmer Rouge do to city dwellers as they were being forced to evacuate urban areas?

Took all of their possessions

Who controlled Yugoslavia after 1945?

Marshall Tito

Under Belgian rule, what privileges did Tutsis have that Hutus did not?

Government jobs Education Preferential treatment

What country (modern name) did the Armenian genocide take place in?

Turkey

What is anti-Semitism? Hatred and discrimination towards Jews

How did the Khmer Rouge gov’t work to prevent individualism?

Made everyone dress the same Took their possessions Taking “bad elements” into the jungle to be

killed

Who was responsible for the largest massacres in Rwanda?

Interhamwe – groups of machete wielding Hutus who terrorized Tutsi’s in their homes

How many Armenians had been exterminated by the Young Turks by 1923?

1.5 million

What is the purpose of a concentration camp?

Put political opponents and other groups of undesirable people to work under harsh conditions (forced labor)

How much of the Cambodian population was sick, hungry, or both under the Khmer Rouge?

One-third

How was Yugoslavia able to stay unified from 1945 until Tito’s death in 1980?

Tito’s federal system and iron fisted rule

What technology was used to encourage massacres in Rwanda?

Radio – Hutu Power Radio

What caused tensions b/t the Armenians & Turks of the Ottoman Empire?

The Armenians were asking for political representation

What is the purpose of a death camp?

Mass murder

How many people died in the killing fields of Cambodia?

2 million (nearly)

By 1992, what were the only two republics that remained a part of Yugoslavia?

Serbia, Montenegro

What tribe was responsible for the massacres in Rwanda?

Hutu

Why were Armenians targeted for extermination?

They were the Christian minority, and the Young Turks wanted to create an all Turkish (Muslim) state

What was Hitler & the Nazi’s final solution to the Jewish problem?

To kill all of the European Jews

What was the Communist Party of Democratic Kampuchea commonly know as?

Khmer Rouge

What happened at Srebrenica? U.N. troops abandoned 8,000 Muslim men

& children to be massacred by the Serbian army

How did the Rwandan genocide finally stop?

The Tutsi army, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) defeated Hutu extremists

What tribe was the target of acts of genocide in Rwanda?

Tutsi

How many of the 2,000 women Gerda Weissman began the death march survived?

Fewer than 150

What personal item was instrumental in saving Gerda’s life on the march?

Her ski boots

How many people lost their lives in the Bosnian Conflict?

~ 200,000

What was the fate of Yugoslavia’s former leader, Slobodan Milosevic?

Charged w/ genocide and died in jail in 2006

Who was the leader of the Khmer Rouge?

Pol Pot

What did a great majority of deaths during the Cambodian genocide result from? Starvation and disease

What happened on Kristallnacht? “Night of broken glass” Nazis destroyed Jewish stores, homes,

synagogues, & shipped 1000’s off to concentration camps

Oppression Harsh or cruel treatment of people over a

prolonged period of time

Discrimination Unfair treatment of a group of people based

on preconceived notions about that group

Genocide The planned, systematic targeting of a

group of people to be eliminated because of the group they belong to

Ethnic Cleansing To forcibly remove an ethnic group from an

area to make that land available for settlement by another ethnic group

International Community The interaction of all states in the world

State Sovereignty The absolute authority of a country to

govern itself free from outside interference

Nationalism Love for and devotion to one’s nation

Auto-Genocide Committing acts of genocide against your

own people, ex. Cambodia

Somalia Syndrome The reluctance of the U.S. to get involved in

humanitarian issues, especially in Africa

The Russian Revolution

In what three ways was Russia unprepared for WWI?

No competent military leaders Weak industry Poorly armed military

What does autocratic mean? Ruling with unlimited authority

What terms is defined as representative councils of workers & soldiers?

Soviets

Who was Rasputin? A peasant from Siberia who gained the

favor or the Romanovs because of his ability to treat their son’s hemophilia

How did WWI contribute to the start of the Russian Revolution?

The Tsarina being left at home to make all of the decisions while the Tsar led the troops

Military suffered heavy losses in combat Combination of military defeats and a

struggling economy left Russians angry at the Tsar

What caused the working women of Petrograd to march in protest?

Alexandra’s rationing of bread, which led to them standing in long lines for it AFTER working a 12 hour shift in the factories

What happened to the Romanov family after the revolution?

They were executed in the cellar of a temporary home in Ekaterinburg

Who were the Bolsheviks? Socialist party within the soviets who

advocated violent revolution Led by Lenin

Why did Lenin sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

To keep the Bolshevik’s promise to the Russian people of ending their involvement in WWI

How did the heir to the Russian throne, Alexi Romanov, contribute to the growing unhappiness of the Russian people towards his father, the Tsar?

His hemophilia created a need for Rasputin’s presence in the Romanov’s inner circle

What decision made by the Provisional Government left their power open to ridicule & questioning?

Continue Russia’s involvement in WWI

What promises did the Bolsheviks make to the Russian people?

End their involvement in WWI Redistribute land to the peasants Turn over government power to the soviets

What was the White Army? Name given to the coalition of anti-

communists forces during the Russian Civil War

Why were the Communists able to emerge victorious in the Civil War?

The communists were rigidly disciplined The communists had a clear vision of what

their goal was Anti-communist forces did not trust

eachother

How would you describe the relationship b/t WWI and the Russian Revolution?

WWI created conditions within Russia that helped trigger revolution

What was the purpose of the Communist secret police, the Cheka?

To terrorize all opponents and enemies of the Communist government