©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 12 Social and Behavioral Socialization...

©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 12

Social and Behavioral Socialization Outcomes

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All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players:

They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts.

William Shakespeare

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Self-Regulation

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Self-Regulation• Can be observed in children

beginning about age 2 and increasing with age

• Refers to – the ability to delay gratification– sustain attention to a task– plan and self-monitor a goal-directed

activity

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Emotional Regulation• Antisocial Behavior– Any behavior that harms other people,

such as aggression, violence, or crime

• Prosocial Behavior– Any behavior that benefits other people,

such as altruism, sharing, and/or cooperation

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Emotional Regulation• Aggression– Unprovoked attack, fight, or quarrel

• Altruism– Voluntary actions that are intended to

help or benefit another person or group of people without the actor’s anticipation of external rewards

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Aggression: Theories• Biological– Evolution– Genetics

• Social Cognitive– Learning theory–Modeling–Media– Parenting style– Information processing

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Aggression: Theories• Sociocultural– Peers– Community

• Ecological

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Inhibiting Aggression• Organize the environment• Establish standards and

consequences for behavior• Provide alternative ways of solving

problems• Provide positive role models• Encourage discussion

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Altruism: Theories• Biological• Social Cognitive– Learning theory– Instruction– Learning by doing

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Altruism: Theories• Cognitive Developmental– Perspective-taking and reasoning

• Social Interaction– Communication– Parenting Style

• Sociocultural

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Morality

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Morality• Moral code develops through social

interaction • Reflects one’s level of intellectual

development as well as attitudes

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Morality

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Piaget• Heteronomous Morality– Children think of rules as moral

absolutes that cannot be changed.

• Autonomous Morality– Children realize that rules are arbitrary

agreements that can be changed by those who have to follow them.

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KohlbergStage Substage Classification

Level I: Preconventional Stage 1 Heteronomous morality

Stage 2 Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Level II: Conventional Stage 3 Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Stage 4 Social system and conscience

Level III: Postconventional

Stage 5 Social contract or utility and individual rights

Stage 6 Universal ethical principles

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Gilligan• Justice moral perspective– Emphasizes the rights of the individual;

When individuals conflict, equitable rules of justice must prevail.

• Care moral perspective– Views people in terms of their

connectedness to others; Others’ welfare is intrinsically connected to one’s own.

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Moral Development• Is influenced by– Temperament– Self-control– Self-esteem– Age/intelligence– Education– Social interaction– Emotions– Family variables

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Gender Roles

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Sex Typing

• Classification into gender roles based on biological sex

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Theories

• Psychoanalytic– How one comes to feel like a male or

female

• Social Cognitive– How one comes to behave like a male or

female

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Theories

• Cognitive-Developmental– How one comes to reason about oneself

as a male or female

• Gender Schema– How one comes to process information

about oneself as a male or female by perceiving and interpreting gender-linked information

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Influences• Family• Peers• School• Community• Mass Media

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Gender Role Identity