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2008 K-State Risk Assessed Marketing
Workshops
Grain Marketing Principles & Tools
Cash Grain Basis, Forward Contracts, Futures & Options
Dr. Daniel M. O’Brien
Extension Agricultural Economist
K-State Research and Extension
Price Trend EffectsOn Cash Sales & Forward Contracts
Pricing Alternatives
Falling Futures
Rising Futures
Wider Basis
Narrower Basis
Cash Market Sales ( ) () ( ) ()
Forward Cash Contract None None None None
Basis Contract ( ) () None None
Hedge-to-Arrive (HTA) None None ( ) ()
Minimum Price Contract None () None None
Price Later Contract ( ) () ( ) ()
Price Trend EffectsOn Futures, Options & Marketing Loans
Pricing Alternatives
Falling Futures
Rising Futures
Wider Basis
Narrower Basis
Short Futures Hedge None None ( ) ()
Buy Put Options None () ( ) ()
Sell Cash & Buy Calls None () None None
Marketing Loans None () ( ) ()
Risk Exposure of Marketing ToolsA. Options Volatility Risk
Risk that option premiums will not change 1-for-1 with cash/futures as the price level changes
B. Production Risk if Pre-harvest Pricing Risk of being unable to deliver grain to fulfill a contract
C. Counter Party Risk Risk that a buyer wont fulfill their contract obligations
D. Control Risk Risk of market actions getting “out of control” before
corrective actions can be taken by the seller
?
Areas of Risk ExposureFor Cash Sales & Forward Contracts
Pricing Alternatives
Options Volatility
Prodn. Risk if
Prehvst.
Counter Party Risk
Control
Risk Cash Market Sales --- --- --- Yes
Forward Cash Contract --- Yes Yes ---
Basis Contract --- Yes Yes Yes
Hedge-to-Arrive (HTA) --- Yes Yes Yes
Minimum Price Contract Yes Yes Yes Yes
Price Later Contract --- --- Yes Yes
Areas of Risk ExposureFor Futures, Options & Marketing Loans
Pricing Alternatives
Options Volatility
Prodn. Risk if
Prehvst.
Counter Party Risk
Control
Risk Short Futures Hedge --- Yes --- Yes
Buy Put Options Yes Yes --- Yes
Sell Cash & Buy Calls Yes --- --- Yes
Marketing Loans --- --- --- Yes
Hedging With Futures
Price Hedges on Grain Production
1) (Prehedge) Analyze hedging opportunity Futures less Basis less Brokers’ fees
2) (Placing the Hedge) Sell futures contract(s) nearest to the grain delivery period In a “Short” or “sell” futures position
3) (Closing Out the Hedge Position)
Buy back futures contract(s)
Sell cash grain (optional)
Grain Forward Pricing Decisions How Much to Forward Contract or Hedge?
For Pre-Harvest Pricing: Max of 50%-75% of expected production (average yields)
If have a short crop, use Crop Insurance Coverage revenues to help fill Forward Contract obligations
Recommended: A disciplined grain marketing plan
What Time Period to Set Grain Delivery In? Examine Harvest vs Post Harvest Basis, Storage
Returns, and Grain Delivery Opportunities Timing of cash flow needs
Forward Contract Vs Futures Hedge If Basis Projection is Accurate, then..
Forward Contract $ = Futures Hedge $
Who Carries the Futures Account? FC: Elevator contacts broker & pays any margin calls Hedge: Producer works w. broker, pays margin calls
Delivery Commitment? FC: Delivery commitment of X bushels for $X price Hedge: No delivery commitment to elevator
Basis Commitment? FC: Set cash basis / Hedge: Varying cash basis
New Crop July 2009 HRW Wheat Examples for Friday, March 6, 2009 KCBT July 2009 HRW Wheat Prices
Seasonal Average Cash Price Trends
Basis History (2005-2009)
Futures Hedge & Forward Contract for Harvest Delivery
Put & Call Option Premiums (3/6/09)
Hard Red Winter Wheat FuturesKCBT: 2000 through 2009
$7.50/bu
$5.00/bu
$7.50
$5.00
$2.50
KCBT JULY 2009 HRW WheatMarch 6, 2008 – March 6, 2009
$7.00
$5.00
$6.00
Cash Wheat Basis: McPherson, KSYears 2005-2009
2009 New Crop Bids (3/6/09): $0.63 /bu under JULY KC Wheat
2009 Preharvest Wheat HedgeHedging on Tuesday, March 6, 2009 Target Sales Date: July 1, 2009
Wheat Futures Price (3/6/09) July ‘09 KCBT Wheat = $5.81 1/4
Expected Corn Basis (McPherson, KS) $0.63 under JULY KCBT Wheat on July 1st
2009 Wheat Hedge Expected Price = $5.18 /bu
JULY KCBT Wheat – Basis – Broker’s Fees $5.81 - $0.63 - $0.01 = $5.18
New Crop Wheat Hedge ExampleScenario A: Falling Wheat Prices into 2009 HarvestDate Cash Transactions
Futures Basis Expt. $: $5.18 ($5.81 - 0.63*) By July 1, 2009
On 3/6/09 No Cash Transactions
On 3/6/09 Expt Sell JULY 09 @$5.81 ($0.63)
On 7/1/09 Sell Cash Wheat @ $3.68
On 7/1/09 Actual Buy JULY 09 @$4.31 ($0.63)
Net Gain/Loss on Futures: Gain of $1.50 /bu ($0.01 broker fee)
Final Net Price = $5.18 /bu Cash $3.68 + $1.50 Futures Gain
New Crop Wheat Hedge ExampleScenario B: Rising Wheat Prices into 2009 HarvestDate Cash Transactions
Futures Basis Expt. $: $5.18 ($5.81 - 0.63*) By July 1, 2009
On 3/6/09 No Cash Transactions
On 3/6/09 Expt Sell JULY 09 @$5.81 ($0.63)
On 7/1/09 Sell Cash Wheat @ $6.68
On 7/1/09 Actual Buy JULY 09 @$7.31 ($0.63)
Net Gain/Loss on Futures: Loss of $1.50 /bu ($0.01 broker fee)
Final Net Price = $5.18 /bu Cash $6.68 – $1.50 Futures Loss
2009 NC Wheat Forward Contract McPherson, Kansas
Mid Kansas Coop, McPherson, KansasMarch 10, 2008 – March 6, 2009Source: DTN Bid Analyzer
$5.18 /bu on 3/6/09FC Basis: $0.63 /bu underKC July 2009 Wheat Futures
JULY ‘09 HRW Wheat Put-Call Option $s
0.750.81
0.88
0.770.71
0.660.61
0.680.62
0.560.500.45
0.400.36
0.43
0.57
0.400.460.490.53
$0.00
$0.30
$0.60
$0.90
$1.20
$5.40 $5.50 $5.60 $5.70 $5.80 $5.90 $6.00 $6.10 $6.20 $6.30
Strike Prices
Pre
miu
m $
/ bu
Put Option Premiums Call Option Premiums
JULY 2009 KCBT Wheat Close:
$5.81 1/4 /bu on March 6, 2009
2009 JULY Wheat Put Option Values
$0.00
$0.30
$0.60
$0.90
$1.20
$1.50
$1.80
$5.40 $5.50 $5.60 $5.70 $5.80 $5.90 $6.00 $6.10 $6.20 $6.30
Strike Prices
Pre
miu
m $
/bu
Put Time Value Put Intrinsic Value
JULY 2009 Wheat Futures Close:
$5.81 1/4 /bu on March 6, 2009
"In the Money" Puts:SP > Futures
"Out of the Money" Puts:SP < Futures
2009 JULY KC Wheat Put Price Floors
$4.3
9
$4.4
5
$4.5
0
$4.5
5
$4.5
9
$4.6
3
$4.6
7
$4.7
0
$4.7
4
$4.7
7
0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.630.36 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.68 0.75 0.81 0.88
$0.00
$2.00
$4.00
$6.00
$8.00
$5.40 $5.50 $5.60 $5.70 $5.80 $5.90 $6.00 $6.10 $6.20 $6.30
Strike Prices
Pre
miu
m $
/bu
Floor Price* Basis Put Premium Broker Fee
At the Money: $5.81 1/4 /bu (3/6/09)
Results of Buying a $5.80 July Wheat Put Option @ $0.55 1/2 /bu
$3.18$3.68
$4.18
$7.18
$4.60 $4.60 $4.60 $4.60 $4.60 $5.10 $5.60 $6.10 $6.60
$4.68
$5.18$5.68
$6.18$6.68
($1.00)
$1.00
$3.00
$5.00
$7.00
$9.00
$3.81 $4.31 $4.81 $5.31 $5.81 $6.31 $6.81 $7.31 $7.81
Futures Prices
Net
Ret
urn
$/bu
Cash Price Net Put Return Net Price Received
July 2009 Wheat Call Option Values
$0.00
$0.30
$0.60
$0.90
$1.20
$1.50
$5.40 $5.50 $5.60 $5.70 $5.80 $5.90 $6.00 $6.10 $6.20 $6.30
Strike Prices
Pre
miu
m $
/bu
Call Time Value Call Intrinsic Value
July 2009 Wheat Futures Close:
$5.81 1/4 /bu on March 6, 2009In the Money Calls:
SP < Futures
Out of the Money Calls:SP > Futures
JULY ‘09 KC Wheat Call Price CoverageMinimum Price Increase Needed to Cover Call Premium Cost
$5.5
0
$5.6
0
$5.7
0
$5.8
0
$5.9
0
$6.0
0
$6.1
0
$6.2
0
$6.3
0
0.77 0.71 0.66 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.40
$5.4
0
$0.00
$3.00
$6.00
$9.00
$5.40 $5.50 $5.60 $5.70 $5.80 $5.90 $6.00 $6.10 $6.20 $6.30
Strike Prices
Pre
miu
m $
/bu
Strike Price Call Option Premiums Broker Fee
At the Money: $5.81 1/4 /bu (3/6/09)
Results of Buying a $5.80 JULY 2009 Wheat Call Option @ $0.56 3/4 /bu
$0.00$0.50
$1.00$1.50
$2.00
($0.59) ($0.59) ($0.59) ($0.59) ($0.59)($0.09)
$0.41$0.91
$1.41
$0.00
($1.50)
$0.00
$1.50
$3.00
$4.50
$3.81 $4.31 $4.81 $5.31 $5.81 $6.31 $6.81 $7.31 $7.81
Futures Prices
Net
Ret
urn
$/bu
Call Purchase Price Call Selling Price Broker Fee Net Call Returns
July 2009 Wheat Futures Close:
$5.81 1/4 /bu on 3/6/09
New Crop DEC 2009 Corn Examples for March 6, 2009
CBOT DEC 2009 Corn Futures Prices
Seasonal Average Cash Price Trends
Basis History (2005-2009)
Futures Hedge & Forward Contract for Harvest Delivery
Put & Call Option Premiums (3/6/09)
Corn FuturesCBOT: 2000 through 2009
$7.50/bu
$5.00/bu
$5.00
$3.75
$2.50
CBOT DEC 2009 CornMarch 6, 2008 – March 6, 2009
$4.50
$4.00
$3.50
Cash Corn Basis: McPherson, KSYears 2005-2009
2009 New Crop Bids (3/6/08): $0.51 /bu under DEC Corn
Cash Milo Basis: McPherson, KSYears 2005-2009
2009 New Crop Bids (3/6/09): $1.14 /bu under DEC Corn
2008 Preharvest Corn HedgeHedging on Tuesday, March 6, 2009 Target Sales Date: November 15, 2008
Corn Futures Price (3/6/09) December ‘09 CBOT Corn = $3.90 3/4
Expected Corn Basis (McPherson, KS) $0.51 under DEC CBOT Corn on November 15th
2009 Corn Hedge Expected Price = $3.39 /bu
DEC 09 CBOT Corn – Basis – Broker’s Fee $3.91 - $0.51 - $0.01 = $3.39
New Crop Corn Hedge ExampleScenario A: Falling Corn Prices into 2009 HarvestDate Cash Transactions
Futures Basis Expt. $: $3.39 ($3.91 - 0.52*) By November 15, 2009
On 3/6/09 No Cash Transactions
On 3/6/09 Expt Sell DEC 09 @$3.91 ($0.52)
On 11/15/09 Sell Cash Corn @ $1.89
On 11/15/09 Actual Buy DEC 08 @$2.41 ($0.52)
Net Gain/Loss on Futures: Gain of $1.50 /bu
Final Net Price = $3.39 /bu Cash $1.89 + $1.50 Futures Gain
New Crop Corn Hedge ExampleScenario B: Rising Corn Prices into 2009 HarvestDate Cash Transactions
Futures Basis Expt. $: $3.39 ($3.91 - 0.52*) By November 15, 2008
On 3/6/09 No Cash Transactions
On 3/6/09 Expt Sell DEC 09 @$3.91 ($0.52)
On 11/15/09 Sell Cash Corn @ $4.89
On 11/15/09 Actual Buy DEC 09 @$5.41 ($0.52)
Net Gain/Loss on Futures: Loss of $1.50 /bu
Final Net Price = $3.30 /bu Cash $4.89 – $1.50 Futures Loss
2009 New Crop Corn Forward Contract McPherson, Kansas
Mid Kansas Coop, McPherson, KansasMarch 10, 2008 – March 6, 2009Source: DTN Bid Analyzer
$3.40 /bu on 3/6/09FC Basis: $0.51 /bu underCBOT DEC 2009 Corn Futures
DEC 2009 Corn Put-Call Option Prices
$0.63$0.69
$0.76$0.83
$0.90$0.83
$0.77$0.72
$0.67
$0.44$0.57
$0.51$0.46$0.41$0.37$0.33$0.41
$0.47$0.50$0.53$0.62 $0.57
$0.00
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40
Strike Price
Pre
miu
m $
/bu
Put Option Premiums Call Option Premiums
DEC 2009 Corn Futures Close:
$3.90 3/4 /bu on March 6, 2009
DEC 2009 Corn Put Option Values
$0.00
$0.30
$0.60
$0.90
$1.20
$1.50
$3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40
Strike Prices
Pre
miu
m $
/bu
Put Time Value Put Intrinsic Value
DEC 2009 Corn Futures Close:
$3.90 3/4 /bu on March 6, 2009 "In the Money" Puts:SP > Futures
"Out of the Money" Puts:SP < Futures
DEC 2009 Corn Put Price Floors
$2.5
4
$2.6
0
$2.6
6
$2.7
1
$2.7
6
$2.8
0
$2.8
4
$2.8
8
$2.9
1
$2.9
4
$2.9
7
0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.510.33 0.37 0.41 0.46 0.51 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.76 0.83 0.90
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40
Strike Prices
Pre
miu
m $
/bu
Floor Price* Basis Put Premium Broker Fee
At the Money: $3.90 3/4 /bu (3/6/09)
Results of Buying a $3.90 DEC 2009 Corn Put Option @ $0.56 5/8 /bu
$1.39$1.89
$2.39
$5.39
$2.80 $2.80 $2.80 $2.80 $2.80$3.30
$3.80$4.30
$4.80$4.89$4.39
$3.89$3.39
$2.89
($1.00)
$1.00
$3.00
$5.00
$7.00
$1.90 $2.40 $2.90 $3.40 $3.90 $4.40 $4.90 $5.40 $5.90
Futures Prices
Net
Ret
urn
$/bu
Cash Price Net Put Return Net Price Received
DEC 2009 Corn Call Option Values
$0.00
$0.45
$0.90
$1.35
$1.80
$3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40
Strike Prices
Pre
miu
m $
/bu
Call Time Value Call Intrinsic Value
DEC 2009 Corn Futures Close:
$3.90 3/4 /bu on March 6, 2009
In the Money Calls:SP <Futures
Out of the Money Calls:SP > Futures
DEC 2009 Corn Call Price CoverageMinimum Price Increase Needed to Cover Call Premium Cost
$3.5
0
$3.6
0
$3.7
0
$3.8
0
$3.9
0
$4.0
0
$4.1
0
$4.2
0
$4.3
0
$4.4
0
0.620.47
$3.4
0
0.410.440.500.530.570.670.720.770.83
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
$3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40
Strike Prices
Pre
miu
m $
/bu
Strike Price Call Option Premiums Broker Fee
At the Money: $3.90 3/4 /bu (3/6/09)
Results of Buying a $3.90 DEC 2009 Corn Call Option @ $0.57 3/8 /bu
$0.00$0.50
$1.00$1.50
$2.00
($0.60) ($0.60) ($0.60) ($0.60) ($0.60)($0.10)
$0.40$0.90
$1.40
($1.50)
$0.00
$1.50
$3.00
$4.50
$1.90 $2.40 $2.90 $3.40 $3.90 $4.40 $4.90 $5.40 $5.90
Futures Prices
Net
Ret
urn
$/bu
Call Purchase Price Call Selling Price Broker Fee Net Call Returns
DEC 2009 Corn Futures Close:
$3.90 3/4 /bu on 3/6/09
New Crop NOV 2009 Soybeans Examples for March 6, 2009 CBOT NOV 2009 Soybean Futures Prices
Seasonal Average Cash Price Trends
Basis History (2005-2009)
Futures Hedge & Forward Contract for Harvest Delivery
Put & Call Option Premiums (3/6/09)
Soybean FuturesCBOT: 2000 through 2009
$7.50/bu$10.00
$7.50
$5.00
CBOT NOV 2009 SoybeansMarch 6, 2008 – March 6, 2009
$10.50
$9.00
$7.50
Cash Soybean Basis: McPherson, KSYears 2005-2009
2009 New Crop Bids (3/6/09): $1.05 /bu under NOV Soybeans
2009 NC Soybean Forward Contract McPherson, Kansas
$7.10 /bu on 3/6/09FC Basis: $1.05 /bu underCBOT NOV 2009 Soybean Futures
Mid Kansas Coop, McPherson, KansasMarch 10, 2008 – March 6, 2009Source: DTN Bid Analyzer
NOV ‘09 Soybean Put-Call Option $s
$1.05$1.16
$1.29$1.42
$1.55$1.69$1.63
$1.40
$0.65
$0.94$0.83$0.74
$0.65$0.57$0.71$0.77$0.84$0.92$1.00
$1.08
$0.00
$0.60
$1.20
$1.80
$2.40
$7.00 $7.20 $7.40 $7.60 $7.80 $8.00 $8.20 $8.40 $8.60 $8.80 $9.00 $9.20
Strike Prices
Pre
miu
m $
/bu
Put Option Premiums Call Option Premiums
NOV 2009 CBOT Soybean Close:$8.15 /bu on March 6, 2009
NOV 2009 Soybean Put Price Floors
$7.2
0
$7.4
0
$7.6
0
$7.8
0
$8.0
0
$8.2
0
$8.4
0
$8.6
0
$8.8
0
$9.0
0
$9.2
0
1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
0.57 0.65 0.74 0.83 0.94 1.05 1.16 1.29 1.42 1.55 1.69
$0.00
$3.00
$6.00
$9.00
$12.00
$15.00
$7.20 $7.40 $7.60 $7.80 $8.00 $8.20 $8.40 $8.60 $8.80 $9.00 $9.20
Strike Prices
Pre
miu
m $
/bu
Strike Price Basis Put Premium Broker Fee
At the Money: $8.15 /bu (3/6/09)
NOV 2009 Soybean Call Price CoverageMinimum Price Increase Needed to Cover Call Premium Cost
$7.4
0
$8.0
0
$8.2
0
$8.4
0
$8.6
0
$8.8
0
$9.0
0
$9.2
0
0.92 0.84 0.77 0.71 0.65
$7.0
0
1.001.081.63 1.40
$0.00
$3.00
$6.00
$9.00
$12.00
$15.00
$7.00 $7.20 $7.40 $7.60 $7.80 $8.00 $8.20 $8.40 $8.60 $8.80 $9.00 $9.20
Strike Prices
Pre
miu
m $
/bu
Strike Price Call Option Premiums Broker Fee
At the Money: $8.15 /bu (3/6/09)
Questions or Comments?
K-State Agricultural Economics Department Website:
www.Agmanager.Info
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