2006: Aura – “Top 10 discoveries” OMI monitors smelter SO 2 emissions

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

Krueger, AJ, “Sighting of El Chichon Sulfur Dioxide Clouds with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer”, Science, 1983.

2006: Aura – “Top 10 discoveries”2006: Aura – “Top 10 discoveries”OMI monitors smelter SOOMI monitors smelter SO22

emissionsemissions

Carn, S. A., et al, “Sulfur dioxide emissions from Peruvian copper smelters detected by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Geophys. Res. Lett”, 2007

~100 times improved

sensitivity Ilo copper smelter

La Oroya copper smelter

Ecuador/S. Colombia volcanoes

1983: Volcanic SO2 was first 1983: Volcanic SO2 was first discovered in TOMS ozone datadiscovered in TOMS ozone data

SO2: current and future algorithms

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

OMI BRD (pair) SO2 algorithm is used for anthropogenic sources

An OMI SO2 Band Residual Difference ( BRD) algorithm [Krotkov et al 2006]uses calibrated residuals at SO2

absorption band centers produced by the NASA operational ozone algorithm (OMTO3)[Bhartia and Wellemeyer 2002]

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

OMI SO2 volcanic algorithms

• BRD algorithm fails with SO2 amounts >10 DU (ie. volcanic eruptions)

• Linear Fit (LF) algorithm developed for eruption amounts up to ~100 DU [Yang et al 2007 ]

• Cloud noise corrected by using OMI Rotational Raman cloud heights

• High volcanic amounts (~1000 DU) retrieved with off-line Iterative Spectral Fit (ISF) algorithm

• SO2 plume height estimated with ISF [ Kai Yang – next presentation] - IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

Operational data: OMSO2 v1.1.1• Public OMSO2 algorithm uses V8.5 TOMS ozone and OMCLDRR data • Four SO2 retrievals based on a-priori SO2 vertical profiles or center of mass

altitude [CMA]: – Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL): CMA = 0.9 km– Lower tropospheric column (TRL): CMA = 2.5 km– Mid-tropospheric column (TRM): CMA = 7.5 km– UTLS column (STL): CMA = 17 km

• PBL data processed with BRD algorithm [Krotkov et al 2006] and require off-line AMF correction [ Krotkov et al 2008]

• Volcanic data (TRL, TRM and STL) are processed with LF algorithm [Yang et al 2007]. User should interpolate the 3 operational values assuming plume height or CMA

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

AURA’s Ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) can detect smaller amounts of SO2 at higher spatial resolution than any previous satellite

instrument

Designed by B. Schoeberl

Anatahan Volcano

Soufriere Hills Volcano

Sierra Negra

Volcano

Ambrum Volcano Nyiragongo Volcano, DR Congo

Coal Power Plants, South Africa

Norilsk Nickel Smelter

Coal Power Plants, China

Oil Refineries

OMI allows us to compare man-made SO2 emissions with natural

sources (volcanoes)

Next talk

revising volcanic emissions

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

Long-term SO2 burdens over USA, Europe and China

East-Aire’05 experiment

25.5 million tons of SO2 was emitted by Chinese factories in 2005

up 27% from 2000

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

Quick look public SO2 images

• NOAA NESDIS NRT web site (George Serafino, Gilberto Vincente)

• BIRA/ISB support for aviation control service (SACS) NRT web site (Joss van Geffen)

• UMBC web site (Simon Carn, Arlin Krueger, Keith Evans ) definitive data for off-line analyses

– eruption tonnages

– composite SO2 cloud images

– composite ash cloud images

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

NOAA/NESDIS NRT Volcanic Websitehttp://satepsanone.nesdis.noaa.gov/pub/OMI/OMISO2/index.html

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

Latest OMI SO2 Volcano, Hawaiian subset

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

UMBC Archival daily Images of SO2http://so2.umbc.edu/omi/

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

Enhanced SO2 detected in Feb

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

Less SO2 seen in May: evidence of reduced emissions before Olympics ?

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

Depth of Accumulated Snow, 01/29/08, 00 UTC,

From CMA, cm

This is MODIS region shown in next slides:

Snow boundary

Unusual snow accumulation in Jan-Feb 2008

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

What are effects of snow, aerosols and clouds on OMI SO2 retrievals ?

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

MODIS channels 721 composite

White – thick clouds;

Blue - snow, no clouds

Purple – no clouds, no snow

Dark green – open water

Snow boundary

Thick cloud boundary

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

Snow boundary

Thick cloud boundary

MODIS provides qualitative evidence of enhanced SO2 signal over snow

MODIS provides qualitative evidence of SO2 screening by clouds

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

- Noise ~1.5DU for ideal conditions (near nadir view, no clouds). Only plumes from

strong anthropogenic sources of SO2 (such as smelters and coal burning power

plants) and from strong regional pollution can be detected in pixel data.

- Operational SO2 data need off-line AMF correction for total ozone, SO2 profile,

viewing geometry, clouds and aerosol effects [Krotkov et al 2008] – JGR Aura

validation issue

OMI SO2 burdens need cloud, aerosol and SO2 profile correction !!

Daily anthropogenic PBL data over China

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

SO2 Validation

SO2

Aerosol

-AVDC - overpass data sets for ~100 power plants and Brewer locations; Need improvements in operational Brewer algorithm

-New DOAS mini-spectrometers (PANDORA near pollution sources – Jay Herman & A. Cede, NOVAC near volcanoes– Bo Galle & S. Carn)

-SO2 balloon (UMCP- R. Dickerson and UMCP student project; Gary Morris )

-In-situ aircraft (EAST-AIRE- China2005; TC4 South America 2007; China 2008)

OMI SO2

OMI ST, June 26, 2008

Future enhancements:

• New Spectral Fit algorithm and volcanic SO2 height estimates (Kai Yang’ talk)

• Using mean SO2 profile shapes from CTM model for anthropogenic data

• Better aerosol and cloud correction using A-train data and improvements based on comparison with models and measurements.

• algorithm improvements to account for changes in instrument performance

• Transition to future instruments