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IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 1
ORACLE SQL and SQL_PLUS
University of California, Berkeley
School of Information Management and Systems
SIMS 257: Database Management
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 2
Today
• Getting started with ORACLE in SQL-- see assignment on website
• More on SQL and SQLPlus for data manipulation and modification
• Getting Started with ORACLE.
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 3
SELECT
• Syntax:– SELECT [DISTINCT] attr1, attr2,…, attr3 as
label, function(xxx), calculation, attr5, attr6 FROM relname1 r1, relname2 r2,… rel3 r3 WHERE condition1 {AND | OR} condition2 ORDER BY attr1 [DESC], attr3 [DESC]
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 4
CREATE SYNONYM
• CREATE SYNONYM newname FOR oldname;
• CREATE SYNONYM BIOLIFE for ray.BIOLIFE;
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 5
SELECT Conditions
• = equal to a particular value• >= greater than or equal to a particular value• > greater than a particular value• <= less than or equal to a particular value• <> not equal to a particular value• LIKE ‘%wom_n%’ (Note different wild card)• IN (‘opt1’, ‘opt2’,…,’optn’)
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 6
Aggregate Functions
• COUNT(dataitem)• AVG(numbercolumn)• SUM(numbercolumn)• MAX(numbercolumn)• MIN(numbercolumn)• STDDEV(numbercolumn)• VARIANCE(numbercolumn)
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 7
Numeric Functions
• ABS(n)• ACOS(n)• ASIN(n)• ATAN(n)• ATAN2(n, m)• CEIL(n)• COS(n)• COSH(n)
• ROUND(n)• SIGN(n)• SIN(n)• SINH(n)• SQRT(n)• TAN(n)• TANH(n)• TRUNC(n[,
m])
• EXP(n)• EXP(n)• FLOOR(n)• LN(n)• LOG(m,n)• MOD(n)• POWER(m,n)
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 8
Character Functions returning character values
• CHR(n)• CONCAT(char1,char2)• INITCAP(char)• LOWER(char)• LPAD(char, n,char2),
RPAD(char, n,char2)• LTRIM(char, n, cset),
RTRIM(char, n, cset)
• REPLACE(char, srch, repl)
• SOUNDEX(char)• SUBSTR(char, m, n)• SUBSTRB(char, m, n)• TRANSLATE(char,
from, to)• UPPER(char)
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 9
Character Function returning numeric values
• ASCII(char)• INSTR(char1,
char2[,m, n])• INSTRB(char1,
char2[,m, n])• LENGTH(char)• LENGTHB(char)
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 10
Date functions
• ADD_MONTHS(dt, n)• LAST_DAY(d)• MONTHS_BETWEEN(d1, d2)• NEW_TIME(d, z1, z2) -- PST, AST, etc. • NEXT_DAY(d, dayname)• ROUND(d, fmt) -- century, year etc.• SYSDATE• TRUNC(d, fmt) -- century, year, etc.
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 11
Conversion Functions
• CHARTOROWID(char)• CONVERT(char, dchar,
schar)• HEXTORAW(char)• RAWTOHEX(raw)• ROWIDTOCHAR(rowid)• TO_CHAR (date, fmt)• TO_DATE(char, fmt)
• TO_NUMBER(char,fmt)
• TO_MULTIBYTE(char)• TO_SINGLE_BYTE(ch
ar)
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 12
Create Table
• CREATE TABLE table-name (attr1 attr-type CONSTRAINT constr1 PRIMARY KEY, attr2 attr-type CONSTRAINT constr2 NOT NULL,…, attrM attr-type CONSTRAINT constref REFERENCES owner.tablename(attrname), attrN attr-type CONSTRAINT constrN CHECK (attrN = UPPER(attrN));
• Adds a new table with the specified attributes (and types) to the database.
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 13
Types
• VARCHAR2(size)• NUMBER(p, s)• LONG -- long char data• DATE -- from 4712BC to 4714 AD• RAW(size) -- binary• LONG RAW -- large binary• ROWID -- row reference• CHAR(size) -- fixed length characters
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 14
Alter Table
• ALTER TABLE table-name ADD COLUMN attr1 attr-type;
• ALTER TABLE table-name ADD COLUMN attr1 CONSTRAINT xxx constrainvalue;
• ALTER TABLE table-name MODIFY COLUMN attr1 optiontochange;
• … DROP COLUMN attr1;• Adds a new column to an existing database
table.
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 15
INSERT
• INSERT INTO table-name (attr1, attr4, attr5,…, attrK) VALUES (“val1”, val4, val5,…, “valK”);
• OR
• INSERT INTO table-name SELECT col1, col2, col3 as newcol2, col4 FROM xx, yy WHERE where-clause;
• Adds a new row(s) to a table.
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 16
DELETE
• DELETE FROM table-name WHERE <where clause>;
• Removes rows from a table.
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 17
UPDATE
• UPDATE tablename SET attr1=newval, attr2 = newval2 WHERE <where clause>;
• changes values in existing rows in a table (those that match the WHERE clause).
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 18
DROP Table
• DROP TABLE tablename;• Removes a table from the database.
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 19
CREATE INDEX
• CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX indexname ON tablename (attr1 [ASC|DESC][, attr2 [ASC|DESC], ...])
• Adds an index on the specified attributes to a table
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 20
System Information In ORACLE
• Find all of the tables for a user– SELECT * FROM ALL_CATALOG WHERE
OWNER = ‘userid’;– SELECT * FROM USER_CATALOG; (or CAT)
• Show the attributes and types of data for a particular table– DESCRIBE tablename;
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 21
Running commands
• Create file with SQL and SQLPlus commands in it.– Use a plain text editor and NOT a word
processor (or save as text only)
• Give the file the extension .sql
• From inside SQLPlus type – START filename
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 22
Simple formatting in SQLPlus
• SET PAGESIZE 500
• SET LINESIZE 79
• PROMPT stuff to put out to screen
• TTITLE “title to put at top of results”
• COLUMN col_name HEADING “New Name”
IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 23
Outputting results as a file…
• SPOOL filename
• Commands
• SPOOL STOP– File will be created with everything between
the SPOOL commands
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