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Late 19Late 19thth-Century-Century
• 1. Cast Iron: Paxton1. Cast Iron: Paxton EiffelEiffel• 2. Sullivan and the skyscraper2. Sullivan and the skyscraper
Late 19Late 19thth-Century-Century
• Marked by new structural methodsMarked by new structural methods• Utilitarian rather than ornamentalUtilitarian rather than ornamental• steel framework and often glass steel framework and often glass
walls replace traditionally masonry walls replace traditionally masonry designs designs
Louis Henry Sullivan Louis Henry Sullivan
• The Chicago SchoolThe Chicago School• ““Form follows function”: Form follows function”:
The style was the result of the The style was the result of the natural use of new materials and of natural use of new materials and of the function of their buildings. the function of their buildings.
• The birth of modern architectureThe birth of modern architecture
• Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler: Wainwright Building, St. LoLouis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler: Wainwright Building, St. Louis, 1890-91 uis, 1890-91
Sullivan: Carson, Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott Pirie, Scott Department Store, Department Store, Chicago, 1899-1904 Chicago, 1899-1904
Modernism in ArchitectureModernism in Architecture
•Modernist architecture emphasizes function. It attempts to provide for specific needs rather than imitate nature.
ModernistModernist
• 1. Wright1. Wright• 2. The Bauhaus2. The Bauhaus• 3. Le Corbusier3. Le Corbusier
Frank Lloyd Wright. Robie House. Frank Lloyd Wright. Robie House. Chicago, Illinois. 1909. Chicago, Illinois. 1909.
The BauhausThe Bauhaus
• Founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius, through a fusion of Grand Ducal Academy of Art with the Arts and Crafts School
• Advocated a close relationship between the function and formal design
The BauhausThe Bauhaus
• Endorsed the new synthetic materials of modern technology, a stark simplicity of design, and the standardization of parts for affordable, mass-produced merchandise, as well as for large-scale housing. (Fiero 837)
• Le Corbusier Le Corbusier • Ludwig Mies van der RoheLudwig Mies van der Rohe• Characterized by poetic minimalism: Characterized by poetic minimalism:
“Less is more.”“Less is more.”
The International StyleThe International Style
International Style
• Emphasis on truth-telling: no decoration• Subscribed to idea that form follows
function• Building seen as volume generated by
interplay of planes and spaces• Planar flatness of walls: preference for
stucco, which unfortunately cracks
LLudwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-udwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-
1969)1969)
• mastered the use of glass in the steel-mastered the use of glass in the steel-frame skyscraper, creating the face of frame skyscraper, creating the face of the modern corporationthe modern corporation
• linear, rational, and (in theory) cheaplinear, rational, and (in theory) cheap
• believed in an objective architecture believed in an objective architecture based on the machine age; rejected based on the machine age; rejected ornaments, calling them “noodles” ornaments, calling them “noodles”
Le CorbusierLe Corbusier
• A failed sociological architect but an inspA failed sociological architect but an inspired aesthetic oneired aesthetic one
• Voisin Plan of 1925 would clear 600 acrVoisin Plan of 1925 would clear 600 acre L-shaped site on Right Banke L-shaped site on Right Bank
• Get rid of history to make way for a “vertiGet rid of history to make way for a “vertical city . . . bathed in light and air”cal city . . . bathed in light and air”
Plan Voisin for Paris, 1925, Le Corbusier, The vision of the zoned modernist city built with standardized industrial construction http://www.ecosensual.net/drm/ideas/future1.html
Plan Voisin for Paris, 1925, Le Corbusier, Economically 'efficient', yet shown to be an urban disaster around the world. http://www.ecosensual.net/drm/ideas/future1.html
Unité d’Habitation, Unité d’Habitation, Marseille, France, Marseille, France, 1946-521946-52
18 stories, 18 stories, containing containing flats for flats for 1600 people1600 people
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