View
6
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
1st Year MBBS Anatomy
Study Guide 2020
CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute of Dentistry Lahore Cantt, Pakistan
1
MBBS ANATOMY PROGRAMME AT NUMS
Vision: To train undergraduate students by qualified faculty and state of the art infrastructure and technology so that students can meet the community challenges of 21st century.
Mission:
To impart core knowledge of anatomy in interesting, compact and practical way to undergraduate
students by Hybrid/Spiral integrated system of teaching so that they can differentiate between normal
and abnormal structure at gross, microscopic and embryological level.
Objectives: For this we need to impart:
Knowledge of Anatomy - On principles of pedagogy
Skills
Dissection & Prosection
Simulation – Models Cyber teaching Surface Anatomy Modern Histological techniques
Attitude:
Communication Skills
- Lecture & Presentation Self directed learning
- CBL, Museum Atlas - Integrated Journal - Cyber Teaching - E-Learning
Quest for Research - Journal club meeting - Library
Professionalism Empathy Inter Personal Skills Extra Curricular activities
2
Contents
Description Page No
List of Faculty 4
Overview 5
Time Table 6
Block –I 7
Block – II 16
Block – III 30
Table of Specifications 43
List of Recommended Books 44
3
List of Faculty Dr. Uzma Naseer HOD/ Professor
Dr. Shaista Arshad Jarral
Associate Professor
Dr. Tayyaba Mahmud
Assistant Professor
Demonstrators
Dr. Arwa Khawar
Dr. Saman Rauf
Dr. Muhammad Atif Ameer
4
Overview
Teaching & Evaluation Module No Subject Learning
Gross Anatomy Upper Limb 3 Substages
*EOB - I
General Anatomy General anatomical *EOB - I
terms Bone
Block-I Joints Muscular system (14 Weeks) Nervous system-I
(Introduction)
Embryology Mitosis and meiosis, *EOB - I
Gametogenesis
Ovulation &
Implantation 1st
week of
development 2nd
week
of development 3rd
week of development
Histology Cell (Introduction, *EOB - I
staining, cytoskeleton,
cell junctions)Surface
and glandular
epithelium Connective
tissue (General)Bone
Cartilage Muscle
Gross Anatomy Thorax 2 Substages
*EOB - II
Embryology Embryonic period, *EOB – II Fetal period
Block-II Placenta and fetal
membranes Twining
(10 Weeks)
CVS
Histology Circulatory System *EOB – II Immune system
General Anatomy Lymphatic system *EOB - II
Circulatory system
Gross Anatomy Lower Limb 3 Substages
*EOB – III
General Anatomy Skin Fascia Vertebral *EOB - III
column Nervous system-
Block-III II (10 weeks)
Embryology Birth defects Body *EOB - III
cavities
Respiratory system
Muscular System
Skeletal system except
head and neck
Development of limbs
Histology Respiratory system *EOB - III
5
Pre Prof / Send-up exam
*EOB – End of Block Exam
6
7
Block-I
Anatomy
Upper Limb
8
COURSE CONTENTS, PROPOSED LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SUGGESTED MIT (mode of information transfer)
Summary
Code MODULE - I Name Anatomy Duration 14 weeks
Broad Themes of Module Introduction
2. Cells and genetics (Theme: a subject that is being 3. Blood integrated a majority of time of module) 4. Loco motor (Upper limb)
Gross anatomy Upper limb General Anatomy General anatomical terns Bone Joints Muscular system Nervous system-I (Introduction) Embryology Mitosis and meiosis, Gametogenesis
Subject Themes Ovulation &Implantation 1st week of development 2nd week of development 3rd week of development Histology Cell(Introduction, staining, cytoskeleton, cell junctions) Surface and glandular epithelium Connective tissue(General) Bone Cartilage Muscle
Prerequisite Module None
Mode of Information Transfer:
MIT Lectures Dissection Demonstration CBL Practical Dissection movies
9
Anatomy learning outcomes:
GROSS ANATOMY
Topic Learning Objectives Students should be able to:
GROSS
• Identify important bony land marks of Scapula ANATOMY
UPPER LIMB • Describe the attachment of muscles& ligaments of Scapula
• Identify important bony land marks of Clavicle
Bones of upper • Describe the attachments of muscles and ligaments of
clavicle.
limb
• Identify important bony land marks of Humerus.
• Identify the different types of fractures of humerus and nerve injuries
• Describe the attachment of muscles & ligaments of Humerus
• Identify important bony land marks of radius &Ulna.
• Describe the attachments of muscles & ligaments of radius
•
and Ulna Identify the common sites of fractures of radius &Ulna.
MIT (Mode of information transfer)
LGIS/ Demo
Breast Knowledge
• Discuss the structure and divisions of breast tissue • Discuss importance of fibrous septa LGIS/ Demo
• Discuss its blood supply and venous drainage • Discuss lymphatic drainage of each quadrant of breast • Discuss the importance of sentinel lymph node • Describe supernumerary and retracted nipples • Describe breast abscess and CA breast
Scapular region Knowledge • Describe muscles connecting the upper limb to thoracic wall • Describe muscles connecting the scapula to humerus • Discuss origin insertion, nerve and blood supply of these
muscles
• Identify the boundaries of quadrangular and triangular spaces
• Identify structures present in these spaces
• Discuss arteries and nerves present in this region
Skill • Study prosected specimen and identify the muscles of this
region Acromioclavicular Knowledge and
• Describe formation, ligaments and articulation of these sternoclavicular joints joint • Discuss scapulohumeral mechanism
• Discuss blood supply and nerve supply of these joints • Discuss injury and dislocation of these joints
LGIS/ Demo
LGIS/ Demo
Shoulder joint Knowledge
• Describe movements, ligaments, nerve supply &
blood supply of Shoulder joint • Describe arterial anastomosis around shoulder joint • Describe the Dislocation of shoulder joint
LGIS/ Demo
10
• Explain Rotator Cuff & enumerate the injuries to it. • Discuss rotator cuff tendinitis
• Describe rupture of supraspinatus tendon
• Discuss dislocation of shoulder joint • Discuss shoulder pain
Skill • Perform movements of shoulder joint
• Study the model of shoulder joint and mark its ligaments and
rotator cuff muscles around it Axilla Knowledge
• Describe the boundaries & contents of Axilla • Describe the relation of cords of brachial plexus LGIS/ Demo
• Describe injury to the Axillary Vein and artery
• Describe axillary lymph nodes, their location, division and area of drainage
• Discuss lymphangitis and lymphadenitis • Describe the importance of axillary lymph nodes in CA
breast Skill
• Study prosected specimen and models of axilla
Arm
Elbow joint Proximal and distal
radioulna r joints
Cubital fossa
Knowledge
• Discuss anterior and posterior compartment of arm and structures present in it
• Discuss origin, insertion of muscles of anterior and posterior compartment of arm
• Discuss blood supply and nerve supply of these
compartments Skill
• Study the models and prosected specimen of arm and identify the structures present in this region.
Knowledge • Describe the type, capsule and ligaments of these joints
• Discuss the movements of these joints • Discuss muscles performing these movements • Discuss blood supply and nerve supply of these joints
• Describe the anatomical significance of carrying angle
• Discuss dislocation and clinical correlation of these joints • Discuss structures getting damaged in elbow
joint dislocation Skill
• Perform movements at elbow joint and discuss the muscles involved in these movements
• Study the models of elbow joint and recognize the bones and ligaments forming the joint
• Describe the boundaries of cubital fossa • Enlist the contents of cubital fossa and their arrangement • Discuss the importance of structures present in cubital fossa
Skill
• Mark the boundaries and contents of cubital fossa on a model
LGIS/ Demo
LGIS/ Demo
LGIS/ Demo
11
Forearm Knowledge • Discuss contents of anterior lateral and posterior fascial
compartments of forearm • Discuss muscles of these compartments and their blood
supply • Discuss the course of nerves and arteries present in this
region • Discuss boundaries of anatomical snuff box and its
importance • Describe flexor and extensor retinaculum • Discuss clinical correlations of this compartment including
tennis elbow
Skill • Study prosected specimen of forearm and identify muscles,
blood vessels and nerves present in this region • Study the models of forearm and discuss origin and insertion
of muscles • Mark the extensor and flexor retinacula on the model
The region of Knowledge wrist and palm of • Discuss bones of Hand hand • Describe functions of muscles in Thenar, Hypothenar &
Central compartments • Describe the fibrous sheaths of the digits of the hand • Discuss the anatomical structures involved in Tenosynovitis • Describe Palmar aponeurosis • Enumerate fascial spaces of Palm • Describe boundaries & contents of spaces of palm • Discuss clinical importance of spaces of palm • Discuss wrist joint • Explain the movements at wrist joint • Discuss ligaments of wrist joint and its relations • Discuss the anatomical structures involved in Wrist fractures • Explain the formation of Carpal tunnel and its contents • Explain the Carpal tunnel syndrome • Describe the course & branches of nerves in Hand • Discuss metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of
hand
Skill
• Perform movements of wrist joint and recognize the muscles involved in these movements
• Study the model of hand to visualize muscles of hand and insertion of long tendons
• Study prosected specimen of hand to identify muscles and blood vessels of hand.
Nerves of upper Knowledge
limb & brachial • Describe formation of Brachial Plexus with emphasis on plexus
•
Cords, Roots & trunk
Discuss injuries of the brachial plexus: Klumpke paralysis & Erb-Duchenne palsy
• Describe formation, distribution & important relations of following nerves:
LGIS/ Demo
LGIS/ Demo
LGIS/ Demo
12
➢ Axillary nerve
➢ Musculocutaneous nerve ➢ Median nerve ➢ Radial nerve ➢ Ulnar nerve Describe the innervation of each compartment and the specific deficits that occur with lesions of individual nerves at different parts along the course of following nerves: ➢ Musculocutaneous nerve ➢ Median nerve ➢ Radial nerve ➢ Ulnar nerve discuss the anatomical sites of lesion of nerve correlating them to sensory and motor loss within area of distribution
Cutaneous nerves Knowledge
of upper limb • Describe the cutaneous innervation of the arm, forearm
•
and hand. LGIS/ Demo
Compare and contrast dermatomes with the cutaneous innervation of specific nerves in Arm & forearm
Skill
• Draw & label cutaneous innervation of lower limb • Draw & label the dermatomes of lower limb
Blood supply of Knowledge upper limb • Discuss the course, extent & branches of Axillary,
Brachial, Ulnar and Radial arteries • Describe the anatomical sites of lesion of artery correlating
them to ischemia within area of distribution • Describe the formation of Superficial and Deep Palmar
Arches in hand • Describe the structures involved in Laceration of Palmar
Arches • Describe the formation & drainage of following Veins: • Axillary vein
• Basilic vein
• Cephalic vein
• Median cubital vein
• Discuss the importance of Median Cubital Vein in
venipuncture
Lymphatic Discuss the lymphatic drainage of upper limb in detail drainage of upper limb DISSECTION Perform dissection to identify main muscles of scapular region
along with their nerve supply Perform dissection to identify main muscles of arm along with their nerve supply Perform dissection to identify main muscles of forearm along with their nerve supply. Perform dissection to identify main muscles of hand along with their
nerve supply Perform dissection to identify muscles forming boundaries of cubital fossa
LGIS/ Demo
LGIS/ Demo Dissection
13
Perform dissection to identify contents of cubital fossa IMAGING Identify the common sites of fracture on radiographs correlating its Demo
predisposition to fracture in the following bones: Scapula Clavicle Humerus Radius Ulna Identify the bones and bony articulations of upper limb on AP and Lateral view of Radiographs
EMBROLOGY MITOSIS & MEIOSIS
GAMETOGENESIS-I
GAMETOGENESIS-II
OVULATION & IMPLANTATION
1ST WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
Define Meiosis LGIS Differentiate first and second meiotic divisions. State the phases of meiotic divisions.
Justify the importance and result of meiosis in both sexes Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis. Describe the structure abnormalities in chromosomes like Euploid, Aneuploid, Trisomy, Non-disjunction, Translation Correlate’ the structure abnormalities with clinical conditions like: Down s syndrome Klinefelter and Tuner syndromes Describe the events of spermatogenesis. Describe the morphological changes during maturation of the gametes Enlist the differences between spermiogenesis and spermatogenesis Define the ovarian cycle LGIS Describe the stages of follicular maturation primary preantral, secondary, preovulatory, Explain the hormonal control (FSH, LH) of ovarian cycle Discuss the transport of ovum from the surface of ovary to ampulla of fallopian tube Define fertilization LGIS State normal site of fertilization Describe the results of fertilization Mentions the factors affecting fertilization Enumerate the changes that occur in spermatozoa before fertilization Explain the factors affecting penetration of sperm through the zona pellucida for formation of Pro nuclei Discuss the formation of zygote Correlate the transport of zygote from ampulla of fallopian tube to the uterine cavity and cleavage Explain the formation of blastocyst Explain the formation of outer and inner cell masses LGIS Discuss the further development of outer cell mass (trophoblast), Differentiate syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast with its microscopic appearance Describe the process of implantation (day wise change)
14
2ND WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
3RD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
HISTOLOGY CELL (INTRODUCTION, STAINING, CYTOSKELETON, CELL JUNCTIONS)
SURFACE
& GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
State the differentiation of embryonic pole and development of LGIS bilaminar germ disc with formation of Epiblast and hypoblast,
their cavities (amniotic cavity and primary yolk sac) Discuss the development of the chorionic sac and formation of primary
chorionic villi and growth of syncytiotrophablast
Explain the establishment of utero placental circulation Explain
why the second week is known as week of two s LGIS of three germ layers)
Define gastrulation (formation “ ’ ” Discuss the development of primitive streak and related
congenital anomalies (Sacrococcygeal teratoma)
Describe the development of notochordal process, notochord
canal, prechordal plate and cloacal membrane
Define Neurulation
List the steps of development of Neural Tube
Enumerate the derivatives of Neural Crest Cells
State the congenital anomalies resulting from abnormal
neurulation
Describe the formation of three germ layers and enlist their
derivatives
Differentiate three components of Mesoderm (Paraxial,
Intermediate and Lateral Plate Mesoderm) Define Somites
KNOWLEDGE Identify parts of Light Microscope
Discuss the working & magnification of Light Microscope LGIS Identify different types of Microscopes and their functions
Define resolution
Describe the steps involved in tissue processing Define
cell, identify various types of cells and shapes Define
Cytoskeleton.
Enumerate the cell junctions and describe their histological
structure SKILL
Identify and draw the different parts of microscope and
illustrate their usage.
Focus the prepared slide at different magnifications. Identify
the different shapes of cells and their examples Draw a
labelled diagram of different types of shapes of cells Lab
Classify the body tissue into categories LGIS Define Epithelium Classify various types of Epithelium
Discuss general features of Epithelial cells (basal, apical and
lateral surfaces)
Explain the different types of epithelium with examples
Describe glandular epithelium
Differentiate the structure of serous and mucus secreting
cells SKILL
Identify the different types of Epithelia and their examples
Draw a labelled diagram of different types of simple and Lab stratified epithelia
15
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (GENERAL)
Identify mucous and serous acini with haematoxylin and eosin Draw a labelled diagram of mucous and serous acini with haematoxylin and eosin KNOWLEDGE LGIS Explain the components of connective tissue Describe different types of cells in connective tissue Describe different types of fibers in connective tissue Discuss various constituents of ground substance Classify various types of connective tissues Describe the histology of different types of adipose tissue
SKILL Identify the microscopic structure of loose connective tissue,
dense regular and irregular connective tissue
Draw a labeled diagram showing the microscopic structure of
loose connective tissue, dense regular and irregular connective
tissue with haematoxylin and eosin
Draw a labeled diagram of the connective tissue
wit
h haematoxylin and eosin Lab BONE KNOWLEDGE LGIS Describe microscopic features of bones and types of ossification Enlist the location of different types of bones
SKILL Identify different types of bone microscopically
Draw a labelled diagram showing the histological structure of
different types of bone with hematoxylin and eosin
Lab CARTILAGE KNOWLEDGE LGIS Describe microscopic features of various types of cartilage
SKILL
Identify different types of cartilage microscopically
Draw a labeled diagram showing the histologic structure of
different types of cartilage with hematoxylin and eosin Lab MUSCLE KNOWLEDGE LGIS Describe the microscopic features of skeletal, smooth and
cardiac muscle
SKILL
Identify the different types of muscle microscopically Lab Draw a labeled histological diagram of different types of
muscles with hematoxylin and eosin
List of Histology Practical’s- 1st Year MBBS Class first module
Topic
Histology and Its Methods of Study
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle tissue
Bone
Cartilage
16
Block-II
Anatomy
Thorax
COURSE CONTENTS, PROPOSED LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SUGGESTED MIT (mode of information transfer)
Summary
Code MODULE - II
Name Anatomy
Duration 10 weeks
Broad Themes of Module 1.Thorax
(Theme: a subject that is being 2.Cardiovascular system
integrated a majority of time of
module)
Gross anatomy
Thorax
Embryology
Embryonic period, Fetal period
Placenta and fetal membranes
Twining
Subject Themes CVS
Histology
Circulatory System
Immune system
General Anatomy
Lymphatic system
Circulatory system Prerequisite Module Y1M1
Mode of Information Transfer:
MIT
Lectures
Dissection
Tutorials (PTT)
CBL
Practicals
Class tests
18
Anatomy learning outcomes
Anatomy
PROPOSED LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND SUGGESTED MITs (mode of information transfer)
GENERAL ANATOMY
S.NO. TOPICS LEARNING OBJECTIVES MIT
Discuss the general structural plan of
blood vessels.
Classify blood vessels on anatomical and
functional basis
Explain each type of blood vessel and give
examples
Discuss general plan of systemic,
pulmonary and coronary circulatory
system.
Discuss general plan of portal system with LGIS
Circulatory brief accounts of arterial and venous (Large
System portal systems giving examples. group
Differentiate between anatomic end interactive
arteries and functional end arteries giving session)
examples
Define anastomosis; describe various
types of anastomosis with examples and
their clinical significance.
Describe blood supply of arteries and
veins.
Explain the importance of collateral
circulation
Discuss general plan of the lymphatic
circulatory system of the body.
Explain the mechanism of formation and
flow of lymph.
Enumerate the factors responsible for
Lymphatic flow of lymph.
System Discuss the structural plan of lymphatic LGIS
vessels.
Describe the structural plan of lymph
nodes and their role in lymphatic system
Enumerate the capsulated
lymphoid
organs
19
Correlate the role of lymphatic system
with spread of cancer and infection.
Correlate the role of lymphatic system
with development of edema.
HISTOLOGY
KNOWLEDGE:
Discuss the general histological plan of
blood vessels.
Describe and compare the histological
structure of: LGIS Elastic artery
Muscular artery
Arteriole
Different types of Capillaries
Venule
Medium sized vein
Circulatory Large vein
System Describe histological changes in intima in
atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis
SKILLS:
Identify elastic artery, muscular artery and
large vein under light microscope and
enlist at least two identification points for
each. Lab Draw labelled diagram of elastic artery,
muscular artery and large vein with the
help of eosin and hematoxylin pencils on
the histology notebook
KNOWLEDGE:
Enumerate the cells of immune system.
Describe the structure of primary and LGIS
secondary lymph nodule.
Describe the histological features of:
Lymph node
Thymus
Immune Spleen
System Tonsils
Compare the histological structure of
thymus, lymph node, spleen and tonsils.
SKILLS:
Identify slides of lymph node, thymus,
spleen and palatine tonsils under light Lab microscope and enlist at least two
identification points for each.
20
Draw labelled diagram of lymph node,
thymus, spleen and palatine tonsils with
the help of eosin and hematoxylin pencils
on the histology notebook
EMBRYOLOGY
KNOWLEDGE
Define neurulation
Describe process of formation of neural LGIS
plate, neural tube and neural crest cells.
Enlist derivatives of:
Surface ectoderm
Neurectoderm
Neural crest
Intraembryonic mesoderm (paraxial,
intermediate, lateral plate)
Endoderm
Describe somitogenesis and early
differentiation of somites.
Describe the development of
intraembryonic coelom
Embryonic
Describe the folding of the embryo in the
longitudinal plane and correlate it with its
period
consequences
(3rd to 8th week)
Describe the folding of the embryo in the
horizontal plane and correlate it with its
consequences
Describe relocation of connecting stalk to
the anterior abdominal wall and its
differentiation into umbilical cord.
Describe the process of formation of blood
and blood vessels and differentiate
between angiogenesis and
vasculogenesis
Explain the embryological basis of the
neural tube defects like anencephaly and
spina bifida
Define hemangioma and explain its
embryological basis
Fetal period
Define fetal period
Enumerate various methods to estimate
LGIS (third month to
birth) fetal age
Describe factors affecting fetal growth
21
Enlist the external body landmarks from
third month to birth
Define intrauterine growth retardation
Enlist types of chorion and give fate of
each. LGIS
Enlist types of decidua and give fate of
each.
Enumerate the fetal and maternal
components of placenta.
Differentiate between stem, anchoring and
terminal villi
Enumerate the layers forming placental
barrier
Describe placental circulation (maternal
and fetal)
Enumerate functions of the placenta Enlist
the features of maternal and fetal surfaces
Placenta and of placenta.
fetal Enumerate placental changes by the end
membranes of pregnancy
List fetal membranes and their functions
Describe production, circulation and
significance of the amniotic fluid.
Describe the development of umbilical cord
Define preeclampsia and correlate it with
trophoblastic differentiation
Describe the embryological basis of
amniotic bands, umbilical cord defects,
erythroblastosis fetalis and hydrops fetalis
Define poly and oligohydramnios.
Enumerate their embryological causes and
adverse effects
Name two basic types of twins.
Describe the mechanism behind LGIS
occurrence of dizygotic & monozygotic
twins.
Twining Discuss the possible arrangements of fetal
membranes in case of monozygotic twins.
Discuss fetus papyraceus, twin
transfusion syndrome and conjoined
22
twins on basis of knowledge of
embryology
Explain the formation of heart tube.
Describe the mechanism of cardiac LGIS
looping
Enlist the parts of heart tube and their
definitive derivatives
Explain the embryological basis of
dextrocardia
Describe histogenesis of heart
Describe contribution of bulbs cordis and
sinus venosus to the development of heart
Explain different methods of septal
formation
Describe division of atrioventricular canal
Explain the embryological steps involved
in formation of interatrial septum
Correlate the internal differentiation of
right atrium with internal structure of
right atrium of definitive heart
Describe the formation of left atrium and pulmonary veins
CVS-I Explain the division of conotruncus
(Heart) Describe the formation of interventricular
septum and identify sources of
its different parts
Describe the development of valves of
heart
Describe the development of conducting
system of heart
Explain the embryological basis of the
following heart defects:
Various forms of atrial septal defects
Ventricular’ septal defects Fallot s tetralogy
Transposition of great vessels
Persistent truncus arteriosus
Pulmonary stenosis
Aortic stenosis
Tricuspid atresia
Hypertrophic right and left heart
syndromes
23
Ectopia cordis
Define aortic arches
Explain the development and fate of aortic LGIS
arches
Enumerate the developmental sources of
aorta
Justify the relationship of recurrent
laryngeal nerves on the basis of your
knowledge of embryology
Enumerate the segmental branches of
dorsal aortae & give their fate
CVS-II
Explain the fate of vitelline & umbilical
arteries
(Arteria
Explain the development of arteries of the
l
limbs
system)
Enumerate & explain the congenital
anomalies of arterial system which
include:
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Coarctation of aorta
Double aortic arch
Right aortic arch
Abnormal origin of the Right Subclavian
Artery
An interrupted aortic arch
Explain the fate of vitelline, umbilical and
cardinal veins LGIS
Explain the development of inferior vena
cava
Explain the development of superior vena
CVS-III
cava
Correlate following anomalies of venae
(Venous
cavae with their development
system)
Double Inferior Vena Cava
Absence of Inferior Vena Cava
Left Superior Vena Cava Double
Superior Vena Cava
Explain the development of lymphatic
system
24
Describe fetal circulation
Describe following fetal LGIS
CVS-IV circulatory changes at birth:
(Fetal Closure of the umbilical vein and ductus
circulation venosus
) Closure of the ductus arteriosus
Closure of the oval foramen
SKILLS
Identify the structures related to general SGD
Embryology
development and development of (Small
cardiovascular system on given models group
and diagrams discussion)
GROSS ANATOMY
THORAX
KNOWLEDGE:
Enumerate the bones contributing in
thoracic cage SGD and
Describe the bony framework of the dissection
thoracic cage with topographic placement
of each bone
Identify structures forming the thoracic
inlet and outlet/costal margin
Discuss sternum, with reference to its parts
and attachments
Define sternal angle and discuss its
importance in clinical practice
Thoracic wall Classify ribs into true and false
(Bones and soft Determine side of ribs
parts) Discuss parts of a typical rib
Differentiate between typical and atypical
ribs
Identify typical thoracic vertebra, describe
its different parts and identification points
Compare a typical and atypical thoracic
vertebra
Describe the joints of thorax
with reference to their types and
movements Discuss and differentiate
between the pump handle and
bucket handle movements and
their effect on diameters
of chest cavity
25
Discuss the role of the accessory
respiratory muscles during inspiration
and expiration
Enlist the contents of a typical intercostal
space including muscles, nerves and
vessels
Describe the attachments, actions and
nerve supply of thoracic muscles Discuss
the arterial supply and venous drainage of
the thoracic wall.
Discuss the course and distribution of a
thoracic spinal nerve
Identify and justify the most suitable site
for an invasive procedure in an intercostal
space
Analyze the clinical scenario related to
blunt chest trauma and its complications
with anatomical reasoning
Describe the parts, attachments and nerve
supply of diaphragm SGD and
Enlist the apertures in diaphragm with dissection
their levels and structures passing
through each
Discuss the role of diaphragm and scalene
Diaphragm muscles in increasing the vertical diameter
of thoracic cavity
Analyze the clinical scenario related to
diaphragmatic hernia and phrenic nerve
lesions with anatomical reasoning
Correlate the tip of shoulder pain with
irritation of diaphragm
Enumerate and discuss various parts of SGD and
pleura and identify their locations dissection
Describe the pleural reflections and
recesses
Describe the innervation of the visceral and
Pleura parietal layers of the pleura
Discuss the clinical significance of
reflections and recesses of pleura and
pleural cavity
Define pleural effusion, pneumothorax,
empyema and hemothorax
26
Enlist the anatomical structures
encountered in chest tube insertion
Identify the side of lungs SGD and
Enlist borders and surfaces of lungs dissection
Discuss the topographic arrangement of
structures in hilum of each lung
Discuss the blood supply, nerve supply ,
lymphatic drainage and relations of
various surfaces of both lungs
Lungs Define bronchopulmonary segments.
Enlist them in each lung. Discuss their
significance.
Discuss with anatomical reasoning, the
clinical presentation of bronchogenic
carcinoma and lung trauma
Define mediastinum SGD and
Describe how the mediastinum is further dissection
divided
Mediastinum Enlist the structures lying at the level of
(General transverse thoracic plane
outline) Outline the boundaries of each division of
mediastinum
Enumerate contents of each division of
mediastinum
Outline the boundaries of SGD and
anterior mediastinum dissection
Anterior Enumerate the contents of
mediastinum anterior mediastinum
Describe the shape, relations and blood
supply of thymus
Outline the boundaries of superior SGD and
mediastinum and describe its general dissection
topography
Superior
Enumerate the contents of
superior mediastinum
mediastinum
Identify carina at the site of bifurcation of
trachea into main principal bronchi
Describe immediate relations, blood and
nerve supply of thoracic part of trachea
27
Justify the right bronchus being the most
probable site of foreign body impaction in
respiratory tract
Describe the orientation, relations and
branches of arch of aorta
Describe the formation, relations and
tributaries of superior vena cava and
brachiocephalic veins
Determine the site of ligamentum
arteriosum and its relation to left recurrent
laryngeal nerve
Describe the origin, course, relations and
distribution of both phrenic nerves
Analyze the clinical scenarios related to
compression of trachea and
damage/irritation of phrenic nerve based
upon your knowledge of Anatomy
Outline the boundaries of posterior
mediastinum and describe its general SGD and
topography dissection
Enumerate the contents of posterior
mediastinum
Describe the relations and branches of
descending aorta
Describe the course, relations and
constrictions of thoracic part of esophagus
Discuss the reason behind esophageal
varices in case of portal hypertension
Describe the thoracic duct with reference
Posterior to its formation, course,
mediastinum tributaries, termination and area of
drainage Analyze the clinical scenarios
related to chylothorax with the help
of your knowledge of Anatomy
Describe the course, relations and
distribution of both vagus nerves in thorax
Discuss the azygos system of veins with
reference to formation, course, relations,
tributaries and area of drainage of both
azygos and hemiazygos veins
Discuss the role of azygos vein in case of
caval obstruction
28
Identify the lymph nodes in the posterior
mediastinum
Define splanchnic nerves and identify the
location of thoracic sympathetic chain
Enumerate various layers of pericardium SGD and
Describe the gross features of fibrous dissection
pericardium
Describe the gross features of serous
pericardium (both parietal and visceral
layers)
Describe the reflections of parietal and
visceral pericardium resulting in formation
of transverse and oblique sinuses Identify
Pericardium
the locations of
pericardial sinuses
Describe the surgical significance of the
Transverse Pericardial Sinus
Discuss the innervation of various layers
of the pericardium
Define pericarditis and pericardial
effusion
Identify the best location for and enlist the
anatomical structures encountered
in pericardiocentesis
Describe anatomical position, borders, SGD and
surfaces, apex and base of heart Describe dissection
external features of the heart Describe
internal structure of various chambers of
heart
Compare the functional anatomy of right
and left ventricles
Describe structure of various valves of
heart
Heart Enumerate the structures comprising the
cardiac skeleton and describe its
significance
Describe the arterial supply of heart
Explain the basis of right or
left dominance of heart
Describe the venous drainage of heart
Describe nerve supply of heart
Define angina pectoris, myocardial
infarction and cardiac tamponade
29
Describe variations of coronary arteries in
context of myocardial infarction
Justify the chest pain, left upper limb pain,
jaw pain and epigastric discomfort as
presenting complaint of ischemic heart
disease with anatomical reasoning
SKILLS:
Identify muscles, bones, ligaments, nerves, SGD and
vessels, organs and their parts located in dissection
Gross Anatomy thorax:
of Thorax on a cadaver after performing dissection
on prossected specimens
on provided models
Identify the important bony landmarks of SGD and
thorax and mark them on a subject. Skills lab
Surface
Mark the borders of lungs, pleural
reflections, borders and apex of heart,
marking
valves of heart, thoracic duct, esophagus,
trachea, main vessels and nerves of
thorax on the given subject
Identify the bones of thorax, aortic SGD and
Imaging of knuckle, borders of heart, lungs, trachea, skills lab
head and neck hilar shadows, diaphragm and its recesses
on chest radiographs
List of Practical Histology (Anatomy):
Cardiac muscle
The Circulatory System-I
The Circulatory System-II
The Circulatory System-III
30
Block-III
Anatomy
Lower Limb
31
COURSE CONTENTS, PROPOSED LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SUGGESTED MIT (mode of information transfer)
Summary
Code MODULE - III
Name Anatomy
Duration 10 weeks
Broad Themes of Module Lower Limb
(Theme: a subject that is being Respiratory System
integrated a majority of time of
module)
Gross anatomy
Lower Limb
General Anatomy
Skin Fascia
Vertebral column
Nervous system-II
Embryology
Subject Themes Birth defects
Body cavities
Respiratory system
Muscular System
Skeletal system except head and neck
Development of limbs
Histology
Respiratory system Prerequisite Module Y1M1 & Y1M2
Mode of Information Transfer:
MIT
Lectures
Dissection
Tutorials (PTT)
CBL
Practicals
Class tests
32
Anatomy learning outcomes:
ANATOMY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
S. TOPIC DISCI- MIT LEARNING OUTCOMES N PLINE
1 Hip bone Gross SG Skill:
Anatomy D Demonstrate the anatomical position of bone and
determine the side
Recognize important bony land marks on gross
inspection as well as on radiographs
Identify the muscles & ligamentous attachments on
bone
Knowledge:
Describe the muscles & ligamentous attachments on
bone
Discuss injuries of hip bone and identify them on
radiographs
Compare gender differences of hip bone 2 Gluteal Region Gross SG Skill:
Anatomy D Explore and identify the structural anatomy of
gluteal region of the cadaver after performing
dissection.
Knowledge:
Describe in tabulated form the origin, insertion,
nerve supply and action of gluteal muscles
Enumerate structures deep to gluteus maximus
Describe boundaries of greater sciatic and lesser
sciatic foramina and enumerate structures
passing through them
Summarize the origin, relations and main
branches of nerves and vessels of gluteal region
Analyze clinical scenarios regarding:
Injury to superior gluteal nerve
Injury to inferior gluteal nerve
Injury to sciatic nerve
Intragluteal injections 3 Femur Gross SG Skill:
Anatomy D Demonstrate the anatomical position of bone and
determine the side
Recognize important bony land marks on gross
inspection as well as on radiographs
Knowledge:
33
Describe the muscle & ligamentous attachments on
bone
Describe femoral fractures and identify them on
radiographs
Analyze clinical scenarios related with coxa vera
and coxa valga
Analyze clinical scenarios related with interruption
of blood supply to head & neck of femur 4 Anterior fascial Gross SG Skill:
Compartment of Anatomy D Dissect the front of thigh to:
Thigh Trace continuity of fascial layers of abdominal wall
with perineum & thigh
Explore the arrangement of superficial inguinal
lymph nodes & their drainage area
Locate the superficial inguinal ring
Reveal the course of great saphenous vein Explore
the fascia lata and opening contained in it Identify
the attachments of muscles of anterior facial
compartments of thigh along with their blood and
nerve supply
Explain the boundaries and contents of femoral
canal
identify the boundaries and contents of femoral
triangle
Knowledge:
Describe the boundaries, compartments, contents
and importance of femoral sheath
Describe in tabulated form the origin, insertion,
blood and nerve supply and actions of muscles of
anterior facial compartments of thigh
Analyze the clinical scenarios related with: Varicose
veins
Great saphenous vein cutdown 5 Medial fascial Gross SG Skill:
Compartment of Anatomy D Explore and identify the structural anatomy of
Thigh medial compartment of thigh of the cadaver after
performing dissection.
Knowledge:
Describe the origin, insertion, nerve supply and
actions of muscles of medial facial compartments of
thigh
Analyze the clinical scenario related with obturator nerve injury
34
6 The back of the Gross SG Skill:
thigh Anatomy D Explore and identify the structural anatomy of back
of thigh of the cadaver after performing dissection.
Knowledge:
Describe the origin, insertion, nerve supply and
actions of muscles of posterior facial compartments
of thigh
Mark the deep seated structures on the surface of
region
Analyze the clinical scenario related with sciatic 7 Hip joint Gross SG Skill:
Anatomy D Demonstrate the articulation of hip joint
Knowledge:
Describe the articulation, type, capsule, ligaments,
synovial membrane, nerve supply, blood supply
and important relations of hip joint
Discuss the various movements of hip joint along
with muscles responsible for these movements
Discuss the importance of artery to the ligament of
the femoral head in Fractures of the Femoral Neck
Discuss the anatomical structures involved in
Dislocation of Hip Joint
Analyze the clinical scenarios related with hip joint stability and trendelenburg s sign
8 Bones of leg Gross SG Skill: ’ Anatomy D Identify the patella and its landmarks Demonstrate
the anatomical position of tibia & fibula and
determine their side
Recognize important bony land marks on gross
inspection as well as on radiographs
Knowledge:
Discuss patellar dislocations & patellar fractures
Describe and identify the muscle & ligamentous
attachments on tibia & fibula
Identify the common sites of fractures of tibia and
fibula and correlate them with their clinical
presentation based on the knowledge of Anatomy
Discuss clinical importance of intraosseous
infusion of tibia in infants
9 Popliteal fossa Gross SG Skill:
Anatomy D Explore and identify the structural anatomy of
popliteal fossa of the cadaver after performing
dissection.
Knowledge:
35
Enlist the structures forming various boundaries of
popliteal fossa
Enumerate the contents of popliteal fossa and
discuss their inter-relationships
Draw and label genicular anastomosis and
discuss its clinical significance
10 Fascial Gross SG Skill:
compartments of Anatomy D Explore and identify the structural anatomy of
leg fascial compartments of leg of the cadaver after
performing dissection
Knowledge:
Enumerate the contents of anterior, lateral and
posterior compartments of leg.
Describe origin, insertion and actions of muscles
contained within anterior, lateral and posterior
compartment of leg.
Explain blood and nerve supply of anterior, lateral
and posterior compartment of leg
Discuss the following clinical conditions related
with structures in the region of leg:
Anterior compartment of leg syndrome
Tenosynovitis & dislocation of peroneus longus &
brevis tendons
Gastrocnemius & soleus muscle tears
Ruptured tendocalcaneus
Rupture of plantaris tendon
Plantaris tendon & autografts
Deep vein thrombosis & long distance air travel
Describe the retinaculae of ankle with reference to
their attachments and structures passing
underneath them
Analyze the clinical scenarios related with
common peroneal and tibial nerve injuries
36
11 Knee joint Gross SG Skill:
Anatomy D Demonstrate the articulation of knee joint
Knowledge:
Describe the articulation, type, capsule, ligaments
(extra and intra articular), synovial membrane,
nerve supply, blood supply, important relations,
and movements related to the knee joint
Explain the mechanism of locking and unlocking of
the knee joint
Name the bursae related to knee joint and point
out those which communicate with the joint cavity
Analyze the clinical scenarios related with patellar
tendon reflex and various types of bursitis Discuss
the following:
Quadriceps femoris as knee joint stabilizer
Strength of knee joint
Knee injury and synovial membrane
Ligamentous injury of knee joint
Meniscal injury of knee joint
Pneumoarthrography 12 Proximal & Gross SG Knowledge:
distal Anatomy D Describe the articulation, type, capsule, ligaments,
Tibiofibular joints nerve supply, blood supply, and movements related to these joints
13 Ankle joint Gross SG Skill:
Anatomy D Demonstrate the articulation of ankle joint
Knowledge:
Describe the articulation, type, capsule, ligaments,
synovial membrane, nerve supply, blood supply,
movements and important relations of the joint
Differentiate between acute sprains of lateral ankle
and medial ankle
Describe the fracture dislocation of ankle joint
Discuss the sensory and motor loss associated with
tibial nerve entrapment in tarsal tunnel syndrome
Analyze the clinical scenario related with achilles
37
14 Articulated foot Gross SG Skill:
Anatomy D Identify the bones of foot
Demonstrate anatomical position and determine
their side of calcaneus and talus
Recognize important bony landmarks, muscular &
ligamentous attachments on calcaneus & talus
Knowledge:
Describe articulation among various bones of foot
Describe foot as a functional unit
Describe arches of foot with reference to bones of
arches, and mechanisms of arch support
Discuss mechanism of walking
Discuss the clinical problems associated with the
arches of foot 15 Intertarsal joints Gross SG Skill:
Anatomy D Identify articulation, type of joint,
important ligaments and movements at
these joints on an
16 Sole of foot Gross SG Skill:
Anatomy D Explore and identify the structural anatomy of six
layers of sole of foot of the cadaver after
performing dissection
Knowledge:
Describe the attachments and relations of plantar
aponeurosis
Describe in tabulated form the origin, insertion,
nerve supply and action of muscles of sole of foot
Describe arteries and nerves of sole of foot
17 The dorsum of foot Gross SG Knowledge:
Anatomy D Describe the origin, insertion, nerve supply and
action of extensor digitorum brevis
Describe arteries and nerves of dorsum of foot
18 Cutaneous Gross SG Knowledge:
innervations of Anatomy D Describe the cutaneous nerve supply of lower limb
lower limb Draw & label cutaneous innervation of lower limb
Draw & label the dermatomes of lower limb
38
19 Blood supply of Gross SG Knowledge:
lower limb Anatomy D Describe blood supply of lower limb
Discuss the following:
Arterial palpation
Collateral circulation
Traumatic injury to femoral artery
Arterial occlusive disease of the leg
Saphnous cut down
20 Lymphatic drainage Gross SG Knowledge:
of lower limb Anatomy D Describe the lymphatic drainage of lower limb
21 Surface marking Gross SG Skill:
Anatomy D Mark the nerves and vessels of lower limb on the
surface of region with the help of important bony
HISTOLOGY
22 Respiratory system Histolog IL Enlist the main divisions of respiratory passage
y along with the structures constituting each?
Define respiratory and olfactory epithelium
Enumerate cells comprising respiratory & olfactory
epithelium. Describe their light microscopic
structure with the help of diagram
Describe the histological structure of the following
with the help of diagram:
Paranasal air sinuses
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lungs
Pleura
Differentiate various parts of bronchial tree on the
basis of lining epithelium, presence of cilia, glands,
cartilage, smooth muscles, and elastic fibers Analyze
clinical scenario regarding:
Immotile cilia syndrome EMBRYOLOGY
39
23 Birth defects Embryo IL Enumerate types of birth abnormalities & define
each of them with at least one example Summarize
principles of teratology
Classify teratogens with associated human
malformations in tabulated form
Enlist numerical & structural chromosomal
abnormalities
Discuss the following numerical chromosomal
abnormalities:
Trisomy 21
Trisomy 18
Trisomy 13
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Discuss the following structural chromosomal
abnormalities:
Cri-du-chat syndrome
Angelman s syndrome
Prader-willi’ syndrome Miler-dieker syndrome
Define mosaicism & discuss its embryological basis
Discuss critical periods of prenatal human
development
Discuss invasive and noninvasive approaches for
assessing growth & development of fetus in utero
24 Development of Embryo IL Explain transformation of single intraembryonic
body cavities coelom into pericardial, pleural and peritoneal
cavities
Enlist development sources of diaphragm Describe
development of diaphragm
Discuss positional changes of diaphragm with
reference to age of fetus
Explain the innervation of diaphragm with
reference to its developmental sources
Analyze clinical scenarios regarding:
40
25 Development of Embryo IL Describe the development of the following:
respiratory system Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Describe different stages of lung maturation Enlist
factors responsible for normal lung
maturation
Enlist the postnatal changes that occur in lungs
Analyze clinical scenarios regarding:
Various types of tracheoesophageal fistulas Respiratory distress syndrome
26 Development of Embryo IL Describe histogenesis of cartilage
skeletal system Describe histogenesis of bone
Explain development of joints
Describe development of vertebral column
Define spina bifida. Enlist its different types. Give
embryological basis of bifid spine
alongwith methods of prenatal
assessment in this anomaly Explain development
of ribs and sternum with congenital defects
Discuss embryological basis and associated birth
defects of:
Klippel feil syndrome
Accessory ribs Fused
ribs Hemivertebra
Rachiscisis
Anomalies of sternum
41
27 Development of Embryo IL Describe development of skeletal musculature
muscular system Define lateral somitic frontier. Enlist the structures
whose borders are defined by lateral somitic
frontier.
Enumerate the muscles derived from primaxial and
abaxial domains
Summarize the innervation of axial skeletal
muscles
Enlist the developmental source of:
Head muscles
Limb muscles
Cardiac muscles
Smooth muscles
Discuss the following clinical anomalies:
Poland sequence
28 Development of Embryo IL Describe the formation of limb buds
limbs Define apical ectodermal ridge and discuss its role
in limb development including digits
Describe limb growth and development
Discuss rotation of limbs during development.
Describe the relationship between rotation of limbs
& cutaneous nerve supply of limbs Differentiate
between development of upper and lower limbs
Discuss development of limb musculature
Enumerate and describe the various types of limb
defects. Discuss their embryological basis
General Anatomy
29 Skin & fascia General SG Enumerate the components of integumentary
Anatomy D system.
Enlist the functions of integumentary system Enlist
the two main parts of skin. Enumerate its layers
with their general features.
Enumerate appendages of skin. Describe their
general features.
Define cleavage lines? Describe their clinical
importance.
30 Vertebral column General SG Describe the anatomy of vertebral column with
Anatomy D reference to:
Number of vertebra in different regions
Curvatures of vertebral column
Describe defects in the curvature of vertebral
42
31 Nervous system-II General SG Describe division of nervous system on gross
Anatomy D anatomical basis
Enumerate components of central and peripheral
nervous system. Describe their general features
Define autonomic nervous system (ANS). Enlist the
differences between autonomic and somatic
nervous system
Enlist the main divisions of ANS? Describe
differences of its two main divisions in tabulated
form.
Enumerate cranial parasympathetic ganglia.
Describe their general features
Define enteric nervous system. Describe its
general features.
List of Practical work:
Histology of Bronchial
Tree Histology of Lung -I
Histology of Lung -II
43
44
42
HISTOLOGY
Text Books Reference Books
Basic Histology Medical Histology by Prof. Laiq
By Luiz carlos Junqeira (14th
Edition) Hussain (6
th edition)
Di-fiore`s Atlas of Histology (12th
Edition) Histology
By Michel H. Ross (6th
Edition)
42
Recommended