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1rrned Services Technical Information Agency

1Rproduced 6vDOCUMENT SERVICE CENTER

KNOTT IMILIINI, DAYTON, 2, ONlO

This document is the property of the United StatesGovernwent. It In furnished for the duration of the contract and

shall be returned when no longer required or uponrecall by ASTI to the following address:

Armied Services Technical Information Agency, Document Service Center,Knott DAWIln, Dayton 2, Ohio.

W ICYLCI WH= GOVIUWTW OR OIMR DRAWINGS SPECIMIATICK OR UNRR DATAXU ICR ANY PURPOSE O~r THiN ni cWINicTiCS W A DIFDIIILY RSLATEDGovmOiNWr MUmnwI MhATI~ TH UU.GOIUMIT TH3UhT VXCURNO RUPONILIT X=S AM NT SGTO A KT R AMD TIE FACT THAT T=EoovwZFOWr MYT RAVE 10~RUATD ORa BI AIY WAY SUPLIZ TRMSAID DRAW0NGS BPICIIWATOK5, OZ (liE TAi N TO WI RGROMED BYWaXLATWOIOROIg OYHERWM AS I1 A31T MANNE LICENSNG TIE HOLDER OR ANY OTlERPRONIOR COSPCSATIKS OCONVEIBG ANY UWIT ORPEROhI TO MANUFACTURE

LUSE OR SELAm PATENE 1XVEWWEnU HT WAY WN ANY WAY WE RLATED THETO

4~~~ ~ WI I0K. -

DISCLAIMER NOTICE

THIS DOCUMENT IS BEST

QUALITY AVAILABLE. THE COPY

FURNISHED TO DTIC CONTAINEDA SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OFPAGES WHICH DO NOTREPRODUCE LEGIBLY.

DIPIEt- REUFMT T);.

C~Technical Nits N-10 a...Jd S Augontl1954

jaw*FC

t~ tchnitcal note

TESTS OF WASKIPS ANCHO)RSV IN Mut) AND SAND~ #OTTOMSft. C. Town* and J. V. Stalcup

U. S. Naval Civil &rgin..ring Raoich cnd 1,voiuoflon LdboratoryPodt tim~crn., cotromicloi ' ,E 01

2%

4

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i

*F~s~'eacarch* -r %-. -at &-. LA -xa or i

tXmTA1 bblpyard, 1'ztcrr point, 4: n~ r a .and~*~ ~Pert )cr-ti. _'41 kforais.

-a,.* j~.rpuee of tho tc ;t~ r5 -ur IAda h.::;,over 4:t& Of A@v~tral I~tvetighL and4 Savyi ; ,rhti4-sently bainr utili:@sl by the Dzrea4 'M h;

Thin report tntaIz a ccrp cf tht, *cr2.*! wi.ruththe resul1t& ani oboervatiocz.

M11IM 7113- APPATW~U

Tlhe test arot-i for zad Lot%,= tests colsted of two r.x1. at. larizea. ,je to :zrrv the ?.ezt cq_!;:=nt, art a 5 x 12

;,~o. war~1ng tug, used to drop and retrieve tbo anh-': Atheteat a;-xijze via compct1 of a clet-b crlt tri-dynn2V=cter to J#*sur the holding pougr of the archor. and a zaBWI-140 Skagit vimch with a six-rert line for dragging the stchor.The winch vap spooled with .,50-t of 1-3/6 in. diazete wirer,pc, and thc wire ropi wan reeved through cacr voo nuntel cn t"etwc borGas to fern the six-part lite. One ae tric 5 x 12 pontcocwbarges vas a -iiorei with to 30,0C2-1b. N~avy Stocklvms, anchoaind~the other barge vas attached to the, test anchor with auitab~elengthi of atchor chain. Figure I shows a Cenera! Yiew oft thebarges at flutterz Point during the tests. In thin view the teOtanchor Is located beneath this buoy betwon the tuo f.1irthnst tre5and th" buocy In the right foregrouind locateon one of the 3stockless anchors used to hold the barges In ,Ocltion.

T!A vertical force required to breaL the test anchor !onefro the nud bottom at the end of each t, piall w-4 ocea..ed byseans of a strain sg zoanted ou the warping tug jin,7h line. *eeFigure 2. Depth of wnter was approzlr~Atoly 30-ft a, the test alto.

The test apparatuse for sand bottom teuts .,oainlted of a 20-fteage rajilway. 300-ft Ina length, the open end of which is 100-fttaboi.a sean low tide; a 20,000-lb. gross weight, traveline instru-ment car; and a witch =vuntad on a statiorstry platform at. the I.--shore ea. Zee Fig~zre 3. The instr~ent car vwb fabricated tc.almlate tthe ~.~~ of a ship draggug its anthor and to carry

a 40A,030-lb. :aiecitj cee-tric d3otucncter, Pi.iri 4~, to cac.u-cthe holding power of the anchors. A portablo, dry-cell. batte.r..

'za .c vtt flll a v:ere taken In the ;ath :1 tt-r lot 'ulikzto a 40;th Zf -C-rz. A At~elys3:1 was.dt

by On~ S:44 1viim. of tn" 7-t;r*iy zcz *obel 1. A so!'shear ttre*tb ecr jotQr ec.itent Sc.a-fsi of the bey cui are

in 7akla 31.

A =40hAnical sae~yvL3 of tbc sani at the tart flueccm teasite shoved 9?, *r tet sa c rtlles, 42 rer cent of vh1.h vsfiner than M --%, the teattlar tbelng coa .ns-u M. = in vi:c.

?TaT AKECMtS

Tb't teat 4tcher, consisted of A 3/- ,CX-, 4aC'- nlC,C1X-*. Lightvvightj a L,'K- rj% Nav7,'.h. oystocklesa; a d a 2,110-11. krttioh H,.¢,k. The Xulock snt-or isequipped with a 12-in. lcng stabilizer ftbrioated rrcc 2.ti.steel r.-=.J tock. See Fiburez 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, &me 10. Zn orderto ineove the boldirg ;vover of the LV7 enhorn, the 2,000-,

a rA h,-t 1wT anchor. were vodiflc4 an par Bu3s.IysInstru:tics to a full fluke shape by welding fluke extecAic-plate# to tL base of the conventional fluke Ord these anchorswera retested In both " and sad. See Figure 11. Two oevdesign laldt anchors, 3,170-1b. and 3,6-lb., and a 3,060-lb.Croseck anchor were also teste. See Figurea 12, 13, ad 14.

TM-. MMMS2t, ItUD WITCH4

-he 2,000-, 3,00-, and ,0C'0-lb. Lightue-ght and 4,0Y.,and 8,000-lb. !eaty stockless anchors Vere yalled a, chain ange%of 0-, 6-, and 12 -dogreea. The proper chain lengths for '.-, t-,and 12-de4gree chain angles were obtained by the .c-rm uA pr-nentd In the U. S. Na'y Technical ?ub.icatioz entitled "XoorineGuide" ayvDocks TP-pv-2. The rezaltdor of %.-e sthcre vercpulled at a :ero degree chain angle cnly. Jix teats uore con-duted vith each anchor at each :b-t!n encle. fleaulto of thesetoots are cc ntaloe4 in Table III. -is; s 15 thr..rgh 38 aregraphs of the six test pulls on each anchcr shcvin holding peveiveros ach"or traftl. FIgures 33, 34, end 35 are the pryho ofthe 2,000-lb., 3,000-1b., and b4,(.-lb. LAI. ar.-hors vit, flukeex'enei~n plates. Tth holding ;Oer kreak."-. . .. , and ..'..angles for each anchor are shon in !he table.

Initial testo on the 3,170-lb. nov design Baldt, anchorthived a holding jower to anchor o-Ight ratio of 2.36 to I at aterto degree chain anjne. This low ratio, for an anihor of thisdesign, Indicated that the flukes -er!: not opening pioperly acthe chain length uss chrteued, to lift th- shank sitghtly hjscpcning the flukes, and the anchsr was retested. H)lding po errnt-c. wet in:reased to 6.62 to 1.

TY,,M-~0 CAST r--A -

z~tx U-ts vare con,.:tel wlth eac anct.:-r at -era JerrocTtiin aa rmcly. Pax._ta af theve testa sre - rtalosd L.u Zst.ic

@a.zh e,.7hor ah%.4L d.ru-e ra3r*4* *Fr-h trav.el~'4.:

rc~ pvAmr of 23.3 kip# f~rr ZO-ft : .- / :t. a-her P -43.3 ki;i for ;~-tof -1; !a. GaW haT bL.

The tests c%;,Gu5_te8 In the bro-h amr! sloi the water l11neIn,31csto a higher holding power than Pm~ coz-v ozet~ra %I: Vro-dtice in ased under wauter. This to Se to the 4ifferent In-plactdensities of the ser.4 ahave and below a vter. The sand beinalqsu dsed zder wvorl. The Inlitated holding powers = U~eb**s:h ae a proxLrstely 33 :vr mect higher than =In~er water.

OB=VATIC,%*

ThA holdlag pow~r of ir4ividsial achmrs y be loy vhen

In the initial setting of the s'~hor, the flukes ere r~crolyptro1~el to the tottuc and are supp- rtcd =4ren?th ty tbe =.In this positiaa tthc~c !a ta*.~; -,f afl"r %otn_-e tcTat=e thout to drop down ad vAtC !mt( the =ni.

In oa--I totc the aac~rs which have a large (like enIng, app~roximately 49-degrees, VilA ttpon -jp b-at v!!! "'-t rinto the san due to the inaorrect hag;. of Fill on shank andrl.~es. This covdltl-No has been cebaerve4 i e t-rtirlo ^n ti-,0ca<~h where the -n~hrva re vi112i and 16 n::t Iz ice.ed in thtcooperloon of the holdig ;overi vhma t.he chalm angle in chaer~l.from tero degrees to six sa twelve degrets In muS h.ttce-. Fzrthe Lightweight nnr:Lirs, t". hnod~rng pover at 12-degrer --oirmngle wss act~nl1: higher In tvco instaneo tnn at 6-4drrMctain angle. See TaLl. MI. For the Stwkleos anthora, th- In-~ivose of Loldta, ;over from zero n~evrec -hs~n azrgl to 6-, andlZ.4*Cre~s in on):, slight after Srage~ng 5C-st and becomes

greater as the 6n~atcr in drsgrced furtrnor. The laraer .*.ain angle

1. ?LV:EFMAB TivehnI.cal Yezorand=~ !J-2 , Test of Anchors or

1953, P. 13 nnd BIUDCKS Soils LabormtorI Peport, Sn SampleiLAnchor Tests, Stee. & :ncrete-Stee. An~hors, byL.A

5 January 1~Q. 3ORC --

ak,Mor~ vvIght vss Itcreatel ec 2-1b to I jzp to 'I.t.. to A.

Vt'klcv &r0nv ?Ao betta tested Lt. c-4 bctom ollth thefl~ukesa fixed at tr)- 'r =4~w fg,- -;PzInZ i.tl tV holit.k-5rwar to ua1fjiht r&1, %:.. .. 4 tr ., i-.4re4 to Z.4'9 tofor the samancstw vitha..t the f.-koa fixei Ir. an opotico, indieeting f~rther tthc In billy Cf t1. 4-..Aor f.,-as t-0asa&=* an open poaltloc. A1.-,r .tiiftal in %hear prluctests were a 6.000-, aO~~~,nd s Nivy et e:s.

The Xuic'k avha atzbtllit.r of Instufitivat let~th,12-io., to pr~yont rotation# thqrety :educing itscz=to liz'povoar. Tlho anchr sated to ;*ztra the sbend bottce repIifl;but votild rotate 10-4ogreas and poill out In a zhvrt daotoc.

The nov design Baldt ancbora voe destgued prinonily forcud tottoc atA due to tho large fluke opening, 5O-drr:, v:-ildnot ;nqrtrota the :cod bottom properly and rqsuted In 4 accholdIng ;ow'r thnn ut.ild norally b.- expected from at anchor o'fthis design.

Previous teatol made In send bottc bay-w ahovn that Fa -Aanglo of 35-degrees produces the maxim%= bol..Ing povvr for theancIhors in mud tottom tzi prcimnory Vests in mul hare Icdl.ctted that a larger f'luke angle of apprnzinately SO to 70 degreesvill produce the maximun holdin~g pover. These fluke angle testsIn w.4 bottom are twing continued.

1. (See poige3.

r

KtCILBIA aYISIS

Very FineDoI f ad slits ClAr

I.05 - C7 t .005 V;05 ., O -. 03~5

10-112 ho50

Par cent by vcjabt 6

TA=l 11

SOIL SEEM.' 5310 ANDL WArM R"~lBHitcrs Point Yud

Pot t Srnt o (1/2 UCS) - po Va o

22 325 16, 11

2 -25 230 115.0 1579.'52.5 40 k.0 ho72 o1

F rcm MAVCEPMM T'ectinical Mczaran4i- P1.019, Orouzting in Soft Soils byPhilip P. Bra"n disted SU Fm 1953.

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Tlgur* 3. Wat spywaratu used to Pullanchora In beech send.

,.ue 4. :X,00-lb. capacity e.Lectri.caidy)namometer.

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Tlgure 5- TYPICAl LVr anchr. Nt u-vshope of the upper portion or flukesWt*.n the stock and the fluk..

Tlgue 6 iOCCO~b. 1(7anrhor.

- -4

?1care 5. TyOjybl LI?? anchor. Not* curved

chaps of the upper portico of flukesbetween the stock and the flukes.

Fi gure 6. 10,000-lb. LWlT anchor.

V"

Figure 8. 8,000-lb. Rtevy Stockleiu ancbor.

Figure 9. 17#000-lb. XaVY Stocklous anchor.

2e- -

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Fiv~re 11. Typical LWY a=,bo. with fluke ex-tvns on PlAtes.

Figure 12. Nov design Baldt nid achor.

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