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Formulation of Aquafeeds
Mae R. Catacutan Nutrition and Feed Development Section
SEAFDEC/AQD
Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines
September 1, 2014
Lecture Outline
I. Factors to Consider in Feed
Formulation
II. Feed Formulation Methods
a) Pearson’s Square
b) Trial & Error Method
Feed Formulation
- is combining of feed ingredients or feedstuffs with
the aim of making a feed with adequate amounts of
different nutrients required by a specific aquaculture
species
- no single feed ingredient has the adequate
quantities of the required nutrients, so different feed
ingredients are mixed to have the desirable adequate
product.
- a mathematical process that requires information on
nutrients required by the species for culture.
Types of formulated feeds
Supplementary feed
extensive culture, low stocking density,
other source of food in the pond/culture area
Complete feed intensive culture, high density stocking,
the only source of nutrients, for larvae and fry
I. Factors to Consider in Feed Formulation
1. Feed ingredients
2. Feeding habits of fish species to culture
3. Growth stages of fish species to culture
4. Nutrients required
1. Feed ingredients
Contain:
different amounts of moisture, protein,
carbohydrate, lipid, ash and crude fiber
Considerations when choosing feed ingredients:
Cost & quality
Nutrient composition & availability
or digestibility
Commercial availability
Acceptability or palatability
ANFs or presence of toxic substances
Common Feed Ingredients in Aquafeed
Ingredients Crude
Protein
Crude Fat Digestible
Carbohydrate
Ash
Fish meal
(Peruvian) 68.3 5.9 7.7 17.3
Fish meal
(Danish) 73.9 9.4 2.4 14
Squid meal 78.5 5.5 6.7 8
Soybean meal
(full-fat) 35.8 19.8 33.9 5.6
Soybean meal
(defatted) 43.6 1.5 41.7 7.7
Wheat Pollard 15.4 4.5 64 5.8
Nutrients in two plant feed ingredients
(% Dry Matter)
Nutrients Corn Rice Bran
Protein 7.8
Crude Fat 4.7
Carbohydrate 83
Crude Fiber 2.6
Crude Ash 1.8
13
14.2
62
3.1
7.4
2. Feeding Habits
fish - swallow feed
crustaceans - nibbles feed
3. Growth Stages of fish
larval stage
juvenile stage
breeder
Feed Formulation
4. Nutrients Required by Fish
protein
lipid
carbohydrate
vitamins & minerals
II. Feed Formulation Methods
1. Pearson’s Square Method (for supplementary feed with few ingredients)
Pearson’s Square Method
• Example 1: Make a supplementary feed for carp. Combine fish
meal (FM) and rice bran (RB) ot make a 25% protein feed. FM
has 50% protein while Rice Bran contains 8% protein.
• Step 1. Draw a square
• Step 2. Write target protein at the center
• Step 3. Write FM protein level at the upper left side of the
square; RB protein level at the bottom left.
25
Pearson’s Square Method
Step 4. Get the difference between FM protein level & the target protein
and write the value at the bottom right side of the square. For rice bran,
write the difference at the upper right side of the square. Ignore positive
and negative sign.
Step 5. Get the percentages of FM and RB in the mix.
So, to make a 25% protein diet, combine 17 parts fish meal and 25 parts
rice bran or 40.48% FM & 59.52 RB.
Step 6. Check for total protein in a 100 g feed:
FM = 40.48g X 50% protein = 20.24 g protein
RB = 59.52g X 8% protein = 4.76 g protein
100.00 g feed = 25.00 g protein
25
Fish Meal 50%
Rice bran 8%
17 parts Fish Meal
25 Rice bran 8%
Sum 42
Percentage
17 42 X 100 =40.48%
25 42 X 100 =59.52%
+
Diet with two ingredients
Balance a 30 %protein diet with the following ingredients :
Example 2
1. fish meal (60%crude protein)
2. rice bran (8%crude protein)
(by N.V. Golez)
Pearson’s Square
1. Draw a square and place the desired protein level
of the diet at the middle.
30
Pearson’s Square
2. At the left side of the square, place the two ingredients
and their protein content.
30
Rice bran 8 %
Fish meal 60 %
3. Subtract the protein content of each ingredient from the
desired protein level of the feed. Place the difference at the
right corner of the square diagonally opposite the ingredient.
Take the absolute values only, ignore positive and negative
signs.
Pearson’s Square
30
Rice bran 8 %
Fish meal 60 %
30 parts
22 parts
Pearson’s square technique
30
Rice bran 8 %
Fish meal 60 %
30 parts
22 parts
4. Take the sum of the numbers at the right of the square
Pearson’s square technique
30
Rice bran 8 %
Fish meal 60 %
30 parts
22 parts
52
5. Take the percentage of the numbers on the right (by using
the sum obtained in step 4).
(22 / 52 ) x 100 = 42.31 %
(30 / 52 ) x 100 = 57.69 %
To check if the desired level of the protein was met,
multiply the weight by protein content of each feed
ingredient and sum up :
Fish meal 42.31 x 0.60 = 25.39 g
Rice bran 57.69 x 0.08 = 4.61 g
30.0 g protein
100.00 grams diet
The diet formula is :
Fish meal 42.31 grams
Rice bran 57.69 grams
II. Feed Formulation Methods
2. Trial & Error Method
(using a Worksheet)
Work Sheet
Ingredients g/100 g Crude Protein Crude Fat NFE
P. Fish meal 25 25 X 0.68 =17 25 X 0.059 =1.48 25 X 0.077=1.9
Meat & Bone M 12 12 X 0.47 = 5.64 12 X0.096 = 1.15 12 X 0.075=0.9
DSoybean meal 15 15 X 0.44= 6.6 15 X 0.015 = 0.22 15 X 0.42 = 6.3
Copra meal 15 15 X 0.22 = 3.3 15 X .067 = 1.0 15 X 0.44 = 6.6
Fish Oil 4 4 X 1=4
Flour 5 5 X 0.13=0.65 5 X 0.012 = 0.06 5 X 0.85 = 4.25
Vit & Min mixes 3
Rice bran 21 21 X 0.075 = 1.58 21 X 0.053 = 1.11 21 X 0.47 = 9.9
Total 100 34.77 9.02 29.85
Feed ingredients proximate nutrient content
Feedstuff Moisture Amount(% dry matter)
CProtein CFat CFiber NFE Ash
Peruvian Fish meal 8.3 68.3 5.9 0.8 7.7 17.3
Alaskan Fish meal 8.5 72.5 9.3 0.5 0.4 17.3
Shrimp meal 8.2 68.6 3.9 3.6 7.6 16.3
Meat and bone meal 5.6 46.8 9.6 2 7.5 34.1
Copra meal 7.9 22 6.7 17.3 44.3 9.7
Corn meal 8.4 7.8 4.7 2.6 83.1 1.8
Soy bean meal,
defatted 8.4 43.6 1.5 5.5 41.7 7.7
Yeast, Brewer's 7.2 49.4 1.6 2.4 34.5 12.1
Bread flour 12.1 12.9 1.2 0.3 84.9 0.7
Wheat pollard 9.5 15.4 4.5 10.3 64 5.8
Rice bran 8.1 7.5 5.3 22.5 46.8 17.9
Milkfish grow-out diet (supplemental diet)
Composition %
Fish Meal 11
Defatted soya meal 30.8
Breadflour 5
Soybean oil 2
Cod liver oil 2
Rice bran 49.2
Total 100
Sumagaysay, 1998 (as fed basis)
Estimated nutrients:
Crude Protein = 26.7%
Crude Fat = 10.9%
Dig. Carbohydrate = 45.1 %
Gross Energy = 385.3
(kcal/100g diet)
Catfish feed (C. macrocephalus) with average weight of 3.6g
Composition %
Chilean Fish Meal 20
Defatted soya meal 30
Breadflour 9
Soybean oil 5
Mineral Mix 1
Vitamin Mix 1
Dicalcium phosphate 3
Rice bran 31
Total 100
Catacutan, 2000
Feed Composition
Estimated nutrients:
Crude Protein = 44%
Crude Fat = 10%
Dig. Carbohydrate = 27%
Gross Energy = 374
(kcal/100g diet)
Composition %
Fish Meal (tuna) 45
Soybean meal 10
Acetes (Alamang) 10
Breadflour 12
Fish Oil 4
Vitamin Mix 2
Mineral MIx 2
Rice bran 15
Total 100
Aim to make a feed that is :
low cost
acceptable or palatable
meet required nutrient levels
ease of preparation
promote good growth & survival
Thank you!
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